Academician Pavlov death. Academician Pavlov is busy. He is dying. Academician Pavlov is busy...

Is it true that I.P. Pavlov, dying, told his students about his feelings? and got the best answer

Reply from User deleted[guru]
Not quite like that, Natasha. He, as a scientist, a doctor who knew the symptoms of edema of the cerebral cortex, made the correct diagnosis.
The brilliant naturalist was 87 years old when his life was interrupted. Pavlov's death came as a complete surprise to everyone. in October 1935, a few months after contracting the flu with complications, Pavlov wrote: “Damn flu! It has knocked down my confidence in living to be a hundred years old. There is still a tail left from it, although I still do not allow changes in distribution and size my studies."
According to Serafima Vasilievna, the scientist, starting in 1925, after another illness with pneumonia, stopped wearing a winter coat and wore an autumn coat all winter. And, indeed, after this the colds stopped for a long time. In 1935 he caught a cold again and contracted pneumonia.
On February 22, 1936, during another trip to the scientific town of Koltushi, the beloved “capital of conditioned reflexes,” Ivan Petrovich again caught a cold and contracted pneumonia. With modern effective medicines - antibiotics and sulfa drugs, it would probably be possible to cure the scientist. The then means of combating pneumonia, which were not applied immediately after the onset of the disease, turned out to be powerless to save the life of I. P. Pavlov, so dear to all mankind. On February 27 it went out forever.
“Ivan Petrovich himself,” recalled Serafima Vasilievna, “did not expect such a quick end. All these days he joked with his granddaughters and talked cheerfully with those around him.” Pavlov dreamed, and sometimes told his employees, that he would live at least a hundred years, and only in the last years of his life would he leave the laboratory to write memoirs about what he had seen on his long life path.
Shortly before his death, Ivan Petrovich began to worry that he sometimes forgot the right words and said others, and made some movements involuntarily. The insightful mind of the brilliant researcher flashed for the last time: “Excuse me, but this is the bark, this is the bark, this is swelling of the bark!” he said excitedly. The autopsy confirmed the correctness of this, alas, last guess of the scientist about the brain - the presence of edema of the cortex of his own powerful brain. By the way, it also turned out that the vessels of Pavlov’s brain were almost not affected by sclerosis.

Biography and episodes of life Ivan Pavlov. When born and died Ivan Pavlov, memorable places and dates of important events in his life. Scientist Quotes, Photo and video.

Years of life of Ivan Pavlov:

born September 14, 1849, died February 27, 1936

Epitaph

His whole life has passed
Tireless in his work.

Biography

He became the first Russian person to receive the Nobel Prize. Pavlov devoted his entire life to science, leaving behind a huge legacy. He was not just a genius, but an incredibly hardworking, honest, worthy scientist, whose name is forever inscribed in the tablets of world history.

Ivan Pavlov was born in Ryazan, into a family of deeply religious people, and therefore at the age of 15 he graduated from theological school and entered the seminary. Once, already in his last year of seminary, the future scientist came across the book “Reflexes of the Brain,” which radically changed the biography of Ivan Pavlov - he came to science. At first he entered the Faculty of Law, but after a few days he transferred to the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, where he specialized in animal physiology. Five years later, Pavlov entered the medical academy. In the following years, the scientist worked a lot, operated, did research, and in 1903 he already spoke in Madrid at the international medical congress. Pavlov made revolutionary discoveries in the physiology of digestion, and this could not go unnoticed. A year later, the significance of Pavlov’s work was recognized throughout the world - he was awarded the Nobel Prize, the first scientist from Russia.

Pavlov took further events in the political life of Russia very painfully. He was very worried that his life's work would be destroyed. But the revolutionary leaders realized that in the person of Pavlov, if he wanted to go abroad, Russia would lose a great scientist and the future of Russian science. The most favorable conditions for work were created for him - as far as they could be considered favorable, given that Pavlov remained an ardent anti-communist, and his earnings barely allowed him to continue his scientific work and somehow support himself and his family. He was repeatedly invited to work abroad, but the Soviet authorities, of course, did not let the scientist leave the USSR. And yet, especially for Academician Pavlov, an Institute of Physiology was built in the scientific town of Koltushi near St. Petersburg, where he worked and where he trained a whole generation of scientists who continued his great work.

Pavlov's death occurred on February 27, 1936. Pavlov's cause of death was pneumonia. The funeral of Academician Pavlov took place on March 2, Pavlov’s grave is located in the Literary Bridges necropolis at the Volkov cemetery. The memory of Pavlov does not fade to this day - monuments to Pavlov have been erected all over the world, streets, educational institutions and even an asteroid are named after him.

Life line

September 14, 1849 Date of birth of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov.
1864 Graduation from the Ryazan Theological School, admission to the Ryazan Theological Seminary.
1870 Admission to the Faculty of Law, transfer to the Natural Sciences Department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University.
1875 Admission to the 3rd year of the Medical-Surgical Academy (now the Military Medical Academy).
1976-1878 Work in the physiological laboratory of K. N. Ustimovich.
1883 Defense of the dissertation “On the centrifugal nerves of the heart.”
1884-1886 A business trip abroad, where Pavlov worked in laboratories.
1890 Professor and head of the Department of Pharmacology at the Military Medical Academy.
1896-1904 Head of the physiological laboratory at the Institute of Experimental Medicine.
1901 Election of Pavlov as a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
1903. Report at the XIV International Medical Congress in Madrid.
1904 Receiving the Nobel Prize for research into the functions of the main digestive glands.
1907 Pavlov's election as a full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
1925 Pavlov headed the Institute of Physiology.
1935 Pavlov was awarded the honorary title of “elder of physiologists of the world” at the XV International Congress of Physiologists.
February 27, 1936 Date of death of Pavlov.
March 2, 1936 Pavlov's funeral.

Memorable places

1. Military Medical Academy named after. S. M. Kirov (former Medical-Surgical Academy), where Pavlov studied.
2. St. Petersburg University (formerly St. Petersburg Imperial University), where Pavlov studied and worked.
3. Institute of Physiology named after. I. P. Pavlov RAS, which was headed by Pavlov from 1925 until the end of his life.
4. Pavlov’s house in Ryazan, where he lived in 1849-1870. and where Pavlov’s estate museum is located today.
5. Pavlov’s house in St. Petersburg, where he lived in 1889-1918.
6. Pavlov’s house in St. Petersburg, where he lived in 1918-1936.
7. Monument to Pavlov in Kyiv.
8. Monument to Pavlov in Ryazan.
9. Bust of Pavlov in Moscow.
10. Monument to Pavlov in Sukhumi.
11. Monument to Pavlov in St. Petersburg.
12. Tauride Palace, where farewell to Pavlov’s body took place.
13. Necropolis “Literary Bridges” at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg, where Pavlov is buried.

Episodes of life

Pavlov spent most of his earnings on scientific needs - on the purchase of experimental animals and materials for the laboratory. Sometimes this left him in such poverty that the scientist was forced to live separately from his family for the sake of saving. When one day his students specially designed a course that Pavlov could teach and earn a little money, he spent all the money he received on purchasing materials for experiments in the same course, and left nothing for himself.

The scientist liked to say that he would live to be a hundred years old. His plan was to leave science and laboratories and write his memoirs when he could no longer work. When Pavlov fell ill, he complained to his family that this illness could prevent him from fulfilling his plan to live to be a hundred years old. It was she who led to the death of Ivan Pavlov.

Even while dying, Pavlov decided that he should benefit science. Feeling worse every day, he finally invited his students to his place. Surrounded by them, he described in a weak voice his feelings that preceded his death. Pavlov's life ended surrounded by students who passionately loved him and in the service of science until his last breath.

Covenant

“Man is the highest product of earthly nature. Man is the most complex and subtle system. But in order to enjoy the treasures of nature, a person must be healthy, strong and smart.”

Documentary film about Ivan Pavlov from the series “Geniuses and Villains”

Condolences

“It is difficult to consider the magnitude of the loss suffered by science and everyone who truly loved him! He died as only he, Ivan Petrovich, could die: until the end of his life, retaining his memory and inquisitive mind. He remained true to himself, a true, always observing and analyzing everything physiologist.”
Maria Petrova, therapist, physiologist, student, employee and close friend of I. P. Pavlov

“He never, neither in his youth nor in his old age, was a hypocrite, did not adapt. He deeply despised people whom the historian of the Time of Troubles described with the words: “Body and spirit benders.”
Dmitry Pletnev, professor of medicine

A desperate anti-Soviet who took and extracted special rations from the Bolsheviks for all scientists in Petrograd. A man of great health, who could not survive pneumonia, but in the last minutes of his life he was close to the scientists - the entrance to the rooms was closed to outside visitors: “Academician Pavlov is busy - he is dying.” The discoverer of conditioned reflexes, the prototype of Professor Preobrazhensky... On December 10, 1904, Ivan Petrovich became the first Russian Nobel Prize laureate. By the way, here too he easily changed the rules of the game - he forced Nobel to rewrite the “statutes”. Not by force, but by unique research.

It is difficult to imagine a more controversial figure. Just as it is impossible to find a more integral scientist recognized throughout the world. A completely clear fate was “written” for him. The son of a priest from a large family, Pavlov was preparing to continue his father’s work. He studied at the seminary, but became interested in science. The greatest impression on him was made by Ivan Sechenov’s book “Reflexes of the Brain.” Pavlov literally learned it from cover to cover, he was preparing to enter the university, but... Popovichs were not accepted for medical school. Then Ivan Petrovich went to study to become a lawyer, and then transferred to the natural sciences department of physics and mathematics. And only after graduating from St. Petersburg University, Pavlov came to the Medical-Surgical Academy, where he was lucky enough to work with Sechenov and another prominent physiologist Ilya Zion. But here, too, failure: both mentors left the academy, and Pavlov completed his studies in Germany. Did temporary difficulties stop him? Of course not. In the laboratory of Sergei Petrovich Botkin, our hero, left-handed from birth, trained so well that he could easily operate with both hands at once. In exactly the same way - against the flow - Pavlov built his entire life.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is one of the most famous physiologists in the world, eclipsing his teachers, a bold experimenter, the first Russian Nobel Prize laureate, a possible prototype of Bulgakov's professor Preobrazhensky. Photo: globallookpress.com.

Discoverer and debater

Pavlov conducted his most famous experiments at the Military Medical Academy and the Institute of Experimental Medicine. The future academician was engaged in the so-called imaginary feeding of dogs: the esophagus of the experimental subjects was cut so that food did not enter the stomach, but the secretion of gastric juice was recorded. Pavlov experimentally found out that the function is controlled by higher nervous activity. In other words, the food has not yet “fallen”, but digestion has already begun. The signal is given by the brain, having caught the information received - through vision and smell. Then Pavlov studied the entire system of conditioned reflexes, drawing reactions of adaptation to external stimuli. He proved that the dog's brain is capable of complex associations. The most famous example: if a bell rang at the same time as the meat appeared, after some time the dog’s gastric juice was released at the mere sound. The research was also translated into the human body. As a result, Pavlov established that mental reflexes regulate eating behavior in people. This is how doctors received the key to treating many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Ivan Petrovich was saddened by the fate of his dogs all his life. Of course, many animals died during the experiments.

“When I begin the experience associated at the end with the death of an animal, I experience a heavy feeling of regret that I am interrupting a jubilant life ...,” he wrote.

The scientist saw the thought of working for the benefit of humanity as a consolation for himself. And he argued desperately with those who proposed banning humanistic experiments. He asked: why don’t you care about killing animals and birds for pleasure? Pavlov demanded better conditions for his dogs. Even during the difficult, hungry revolutionary years, the animals in the laboratory were fed well. And at the end of his life, the academician’s long-standing dream came true. A monument to the dog was erected at the Institute of Experimental Medicine.

The whole world was impressed by Pavlov's research. In 1903 he spoke in Madrid at the International Medical Congress. By the way, I gave the lecture in Russian. And in 1904, the scientist received another status of recognition. He was awarded the Nobel Prize. They say that for the sake of Pavlov, Nobel changed the rules of the game, intending his prize not only for doctors, but also for physiologists. True, the award was presented to Ivan Petrovich eight years after Nobel’s death, but Pavlov mentioned the founder of the award in his speech.

As it turned out, ten years earlier, Nobel sent Pavlov and his colleague Marcellius Nenetsky a large sum to support their laboratories.

“Alfred Nobel showed a keen interest in physiological experiments and offered us several very instructive experimental projects that touched upon the highest tasks of physiology, the issue of aging and dying of organisms,” Pavlov said in his speech.

Of course, Pavlov’s experiments concerned not only dogs: he found that mental reflexes regulate eating behavior in people. Photo: globallookpress.com.

With the advent of Soviet power, all the intransigence of Academician Pavlov appeared. Both character traits and family troubles played a role. Pavlov's youngest son, Vsevolod, joined the White Army during the Civil War, and then was forced to emigrate. Another son, Victor, dreamed of joining the whites, but died of typhus on the way. The Bolsheviks arrested Ivan Petrovich twice, but each time the People's Commissar of Education Lunacharsky stood up for him. By the way, he did everything to prevent the academician from being affected by the well-known “compaction” under the Soviets.

But none of the “privileges” forced Pavlov to abandon his beliefs. At every opportunity, he spoke out about the Bolshevik regime, “leading the country to savagery.” Did you recognize a famous literary character in our academician? If not, let’s not languish - this is Bulgakov’s Philip Philipovich Preobrazhensky. By the way, during one of the disputes with the Soviet authorities, Pavlov-Preobrazhensky managed to obtain special rations not only for his family, but also for other scientists. In 1920, representatives of the Swedish Red Cross suggested that the Soviets exchange the academician for medicines for Petrograd hospitals. This happened after Pavlov’s own letters to the Council of People’s Commissars - about poor nutrition, forced work in the garden, taking away valuable time that could be used for science. Having added the first and second, Lenin ordered “to create all the conditions for work for the outstanding scientist I. Pavlov.” But... The Pavlovs refused “all conditions”: “My wife and I find it unacceptable for ourselves to be in a privileged position compared to our closest comrades.” After this, all scientists in Petrograd were provided with rations, although previously they were denied assistance as “unearned elements.”

By the way, Ivan Petrovich has been an honorary member of Moscow University since 1916. Photo: Chronicle of Moscow University/letopis.msu.ru.

They say that at the end of his life Pavlov “made friends” with the Soviet regime. As an example, they give a quote about science, which “occupies an exceptionally favorable position in my Fatherland...” However, the thesis ends in the spirit of an academician - frankly speaking, poignantly:

“My whole life consisted of experiments. Our government is also an experimenter, only of an incomparably higher category...”

Legend of Death

Until the end of his days, Ivan Petrovich maintained good health. They even said that he died as a result of the actions of the NKVD. However, apparently, the great scientist was struck down by pneumonia and nervous shock after the death of his son Vsevolod. The last hours of Academician Pavlov’s life have become a legend. They say that he ordered his colleagues to gather around him. As he grew weaker, he dictated his own feelings to them - he told them what happens to the body at death. Outside visitors were not allowed to see the scientist these days.

“Academician Pavlov is busy - he’s dying...” came quietly from the long corridor in response to another request to talk to the luminary.

On February 27, 1936, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov died. His funeral service was held in a small church in Koltushi. 11 years later, having survived the blockade, his wife Serafima Karchevskaya rested next to him on the “Literary Bridge” of Volkov Cemetery.

In 1925, the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences was founded specifically “for Pavlov,” which he headed. Near Leningrad, in Koltushi, a biological station appeared - a real city of science - for which the government allocated 12 million rubles. Photo: globallookpress.com.

"A reason to be proud"

Every day Constantinople talks about an event in the history of our great country. The chronicles of past years certainly intersect with the present. Looking back, we understand who we should follow, what mistakes we should avoid, and what we can do for a happy future for our children.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 26, 1849 in Ryazan. His paternal and maternal ancestors were church ministers.
The young man initially followed in the footsteps of his parents and in 1864 entered the Ryazan Theological Seminary, which he later recalled with great warmth. But in his last year at the seminary, he read a short book by Professor Sechenov, “Reflexes of the Brain,” which changed his life. In 1870, Ivan Petrovich entered the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, where he specialized in animal physiology.

As a follower of Sechenov, Pavlov worked a lot on nervous regulation. In the town of Koltushi, near St. Petersburg, he created the only laboratory in the world for the study of higher nervous activity. Its center was the “Tower of Silence” - a special room that made it possible to place the experimental animal in complete isolation from the outside world. He devoted more than 10 years to getting a fistula (hole) in the gastrointestinal tract. It was extremely difficult to perform such an operation, since the juice pouring out of the intestines digested the intestines and the abdominal wall. Pavlov learned how to stitch the skin and mucous membranes together, insert metal tubes and close them with plugs, so that there were no erosions, and he could receive pure digestive juice throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract.

The scientist’s attitude to live cuttings is reminiscent of the inscription on one of the bas-reliefs of the Dog monument installed in the park of the Institute of Experimental Medicine: “Let the dog, man’s helper and friend since prehistoric times, be sacrificed to science, but our dignity obliges us to ensure that this happens without fail and always without unnecessary torment. I. P. Pavlov."

After hundreds of operations on experimental animals, the scientist made a number of discoveries in the field of reflexes for the secretion of gastric and intestinal juices, essentially creating the modern physiology of digestion.

“Any phenomenon in the external world can be turned into a temporary signal of an object, stimulating the salivary glands,- wrote Pavlov, - if the stimulation of the oral mucosa by this object is repeatedly associated ... with the influence of a certain external phenomenon on other sensitive surfaces of the body.”

In 1903, 54-year-old Pavlov made a report at the XIV International Medical Congress in Madrid, for the first time formulating the principles of the physiology of higher nervous activity and introducing the concepts of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes. The following year, 1904, he was awarded the Nobel Prize - he became the first Russian Nobel laureate.

The works of I.P. Pavlov received recognition from scientists all over the world. In 1935, at the 15th International Congress of Physiologists, Ivan Petrovich was crowned with the honorary title of “elder of physiologists of the world.” No other biologist has received such an honor.

During the years of revolution and devastation, in conditions of complete poverty and lack of funding for scientific research, Pavlov refused the invitation of the Swedish Academy of Sciences to move to Sweden, where he was promised to create the most favorable conditions for life and scientific research, and in the vicinity of Stockholm it was planned to build such a whatever institute he wants. Pavlov replied that he would not leave Russia anywhere. Then a corresponding decree of the Soviet government followed, and Pavlov was built a magnificent institute in Koltushi, where he worked until his death in 1936.

Worldview

After his death, Pavlov was turned into a symbol of Soviet science. Indeed, Pavlov’s work in the field of higher nervous activity produced a real revolution in science. But the first Russian Nobel Prize laureate was extremely skeptical about political revolutions, moreover, with undisguised disgust. And although Soviet propaganda at one time tried to make him an inveterate materialist, almost a militant atheist, in reality everything was exactly the opposite. Ivan Petrovich met the Bolshevik revolution, in his own words, with unpleasant surprise.

Pavlov did not know how and did not want to shield himself from the outside world with science. When the new government destroyed churches and monasteries in Leningrad, only the intervention and authority of Ivan Petrovich saved a number of churches from destruction. Pavlov emphasized his rejection of the new order by appearing at Soviet official receptions with a full “iconostasis” of royal awards and orders, and on holidays of the church calendar, on the doors of his laboratory there was a note “Closed, on the occasion of St. Easter.”
Whether Pavlov himself believed in God is still debated. In any case, until the end of his days he maintained a respectful attitude towards religion, which he considered the most important cultural heritage of humanity. In 1932, addressing the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars V. Molotov, the scientist publicly announced his credo: “In my deep conviction, our government’s persecution of religion and patronage of militant atheism is a big and harmful state mistake... Religion is the most important protective instinct, formed when an animal turned into a person, conscious of himself and the surrounding creatures.” He never tired of reminding that every second pre-revolutionary doctor in Russia came from the clergy.

He wrote something even worse to the Soviet leaders: “You are in vain to believe in the world proletarian revolution. I cannot look at the posters without smiling: “Long live the world socialist revolution, long live the world October.” You are not spreading revolution throughout the cultural world, but fascism with great success. Before your revolution, there was no fascism was. After all, only our political babies of the Provisional Government were not satisfied with even two of your rehearsals before your October triumph. All other governments do not at all want to see in themselves what we had and have and, of course, in time they realize to use what they can to prevent this. you have used and are still using— terror and violence. Isn’t this visible to anyone who can see? How many times have your newspapers written about other countries: “the hour has come, the hour has struck,” but things always ended only in new fascism here and there. Yes, under your indirect influence, fascism will gradually embrace the entire cultural world, excluding the mighty Anglo-Saxon department (England, probably, the American United States, probably), which will bring to life the core of socialism: the slogan is work as the first duty and glorious dignity of man and as the basis of human relations, ensuring the appropriate existence of everyone - and will achieve this while preserving all the expensive acquisitions of cultural humanity that cost great sacrifices and a lot of time."

At the same time, he wrote to one of his long-time ill-wishers, Nikolai Bukharin: “My God, how difficult it is now for any decent person to live in your socialist paradise...”

Pavlov was the last person in the Stalinist state who openly declared to the unbridled executioners of his own people: “It is hardly possible for those who viciously sentence masses of their own kind to death and carry this out with satisfaction, to remain beings and thinking humanely... Spare the homeland and us.”

This tradition of telling the hard truth to power after the death of the great scientist was picked up by his spiritual disciples - academicians Kapitsa, Landau, Sakharov.

Eccentricities

Pavlov was an extraordinary person; his detachment from everyday life sometimes took the form of eccentricity. Pavlov met his future wife, 18-year-old Serafima Vasilievna Karchevskaya, a student at the Higher Women's Courses, while a student at the Medical-Surgical Academy. The young people fell in love with each other and decided to get married, but Serafima Vasilievna, having completed her courses, went to the village to teach for a year. She came to St. Petersburg for the Christmas holidays. Talking about life in the village, she complained that she was very cold. Pavlov immediately took out the money, and together they went to buy warm boots for Serafima Vasilievna. The happy holidays flew by quickly, Karchevskaya returned to the village again. Unpacking her suitcase and remembering her courteous fiancé, Seraphima suddenly unexpectedly discovered that she had brought only one boot. In frustration, she rummaged through all her things, but the second boot seemed to fall through the ground! The groom's letter shed light on his mysterious disappearance. It turns out that Pavlov, in love, kept the boot for himself, as a memory of his bride!

Pavlov was in good health and never got sick. In his opinion, the human body is designed for a very long life. “Do not upset your heart with grief, do not poison yourself with tobacco potion, and you will live as long as Titian”“, said the academician (the great Venetian artist, according to some biographical data, lived 99 years, according to others - about 88). Pavlov generally proposed that the death of a person under 150 years of age be considered “violent.”

The story of Pavlov's death has become a legend. It is reminiscent of the death of Socrates. As you know, the great philosopher was sentenced to death, after which he took hemlock poison and, while waiting for death, calmly talked with friends.

Pavlov did the same. Feeling the approach of death, he called his students and began to dictate his feelings to them, believing that this would be useful for science.

At this time a certain visitor came, who, however, was not received. “Academician Pavlov is busy,” came the answer. - He is dying".

Pavlov's self-diagnosis - edema of the cerebral cortex - was confirmed at autopsy.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was the first Russian scientist to receive a Nobel Prize for scientific work on the study of blood circulation and the functioning of the digestive tract. While carrying out this work, he experimented with the famous “Pavlov’s dogs”, and at the same time discovered a “conditioned reflex”. Later he began studying psychophysiology and higher nervous activity. Experimentation in this area caused a real shock among all famous scientists in this field. It seemed to them that Pavlov was invading the “God zone” with a scalpel and instruments.

Pavlov was in good health and never got sick. He generally proposed that the death of a person under 150 years of age be considered “violent.” However, he himself died at the age of 87, and a very mysterious death. One day he felt unwell, which he considered “flu-like,” and did not attach any importance to the illness. However, succumbing to the persuasion of his relatives, he nevertheless invited a doctor, and he gave him some kind of injection. After some time, Pavlov realized that he was dying. By the way, he was treated by Dr. D. Pletnev, who was executed in 1941 for the “incorrect” treatment of Gorky.

Old-timers said that after the death of the academician, passers-by for a long time met the “ghost of the academician” who wandered near the Znamenskaya Church, which stood on the site of the current Ploshchad Vosstaniya metro station until it was destroyed. One day, after Pavlov’s death, his son’s wife went into the Church of the Sign and, to her surprise, saw Pavlov’s double descending from the choir with a large church book in his hands. The resemblance was striking; even the beard was trimmed in the same way as the academician’s. The double differed from Pavlov only in that he had an even gait, while the academician, after a broken leg, had a severe limp.