Thematic groups of words. Semantic fields. Lexico-semantic groups of words. Semantic field Semantic field time

Belousova Yana Alexandrovna

This research work is devoted to the semantic analysis of lexemes with the meaning of time in order to create ideas about the author of the text and a partial description of the author’s personality. The language material was the lyrics of Viktor Tsoi’s songs, as well as poems not set to music.

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BELOUSOVA Yana Aleksandrovna

MBOUSOSH No. 28, 10 B class

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This scientific article is devoted to the study and consideration of the semantic field of time in the texts of Viktor Tsoi. The goal of our work was to restore the author of the text’s ideas about such a concept that is significant for everyone as time, and through this - a partial characterization of the personality of V. Tsoi. In our opinion, it is not possible to give a complete description of the individual within the framework of this topic, because the question of time is important for everyone, but not all-encompassing.We were faced with the following tasks:compile a selection of contexts with words of the semantic field of time from the works of V. Tsoi; group the resulting contexts according to common characteristics; restore the author’s ideas about time; analyze the morphological expression of time; through V. Tsoi’s ideas about such a phenomenon as time, reveal some qualities of his personality. Using methods of continuous sampling, observation, quantitative analysis and semantic analysis, we identified the most frequent words with time semantics in V. Tsoi’s texts, and also identified three groups of words with different shades of meaning. Based on the results of the analysis of words with the semantics of time, a conclusion was made about the author’s ideas about time, about some qualities of the poet, and also that the motif of time occupies a prominent place among the symbols characteristic of the work of this author.

BELOUSOVA Yana Aleksandrovna

Krasnodar region, Temryuk district, Taman village

MBOUSOSH No. 28, 10 B class

SEMANTIC FIELD OF TIME IN THE TEXTS OF VIKTOR TSOI

Scientific supervisor: Milena Mikhailovna Loginova, teacher of Russian language and literature, Secondary School No. 28

Introduction

Relevance of the research topicdue to the fact that Viktor Tsoi was an extremely popular performer and an interesting personality. His songs even today make people of all ages find in them something congenial, dear, and interesting. However, despite this, the work of this author has been practically not studied from a linguistic point of view. Speaking about the issue of time, we note that it has always been extremely important for every person, regardless of his age, gender, religious and national affiliation, social status and other things. The value of time is undeniable. In addition, a person’s attitude towards time can say a lot about the qualities of his character: laziness or hard work, haste or slowness, determination or lack of initiative, accuracy or negligence.

The purpose of our work: define the place of the time motif in the work of V. Tsoi, restore his ideas about time, and through them give a partial description of the author’s personality.

In accordance with the goal, we determinednext tasks:

1. Compile a selection of words of the semantic field of time from the works of V. Tsoi.
2. Group the selected words according to common characteristics.
3. Having analyzed the shades of meaning of words with the semantics of time, restore the author’s ideas about this phenomenon.
4. Consider the partial belonging of words with the meaning of time.
5. Reveal some qualities of his personality, taking into account his attitude to time.

Object of study: poems and lyrics by Viktor Tsoi.

The subject of the study was:words of the semantic field of time in the works of Viktor Tsoi.

During the work we used the following methods : continuous sampling method, observation method, quantitative analysis method, semantic analysis method.

BELOUSOVA Yana Aleksandrovna

Krasnodar region, Temryuk district, Taman village

MBOUSOSH No. 28, 10 B class

SEMANTIC FIELD OF TIME IN THE TEXTS OF VIKTOR TSOI

Scientific supervisor: Milena Mikhailovna Loginova, teacher of Russian language and literature, Secondary School No. 28

Main part

In this work we turn to such a scientific direction as semantics.

For clarification, let us turn to the “Dictionary-Reference Book of Linguistic Terms” by D.E. Rosenthal and M.A. Telenkova. The authors of the dictionary interpret the concept of semantics as the semantic side (meaning) of individual linguistic units: morphemes, words, phrases, as well as grammatical forms. The linguistic encyclopedic dictionary provides a broader interpretation of the term semantics : 1) all content, information transmitted by language or any of its units (words, grammatical forms of words, phrases, sentences); 2) a section of linguistics that studies this content and information. A set of words and expressions that form a thematic series and cover a certain area of ​​meaning is usually calledsemantic field. . In modern linguistics, the method of semantic analysis is widely used, the value of which is that it allows not only to reconstruct, that is, restore, the author’s ideas about a particular phenomenon, but also to create a portrait of a person’s personality. In speech, oral or written, these concepts and ideas are involuntarily, subconsciously manifested. The task of semantic analysis is to recognize their verbal expression and, having examined words of a certain semantics, to create a picture of the author’s ideas about this phenomenon.

This work is devoted to the study of the semantic field of time. Time is one of the most important concepts in human life and consciousness. It is reflected in almost all types of art, for example, in oral folk art. We know many proverbs and sayings on this topic: time for business, time for fun; order saves time; An hour is precious not because it is long, but because it is short, etc. Many philosophers, historians, teachers, writers, and poets discussed the issue of time in their time. For example: « Truly great is the man who has managed to master his time” (Hesiod); “In important matters of life one must always hurry as if everything should perish from the loss of one minute” (V.G. Belinsky); “The inability to take care of your own and other people’s time is a real lack of culture” (N.K. Krupskaya). Time has left its mark even in painting: “The Constancy of Time” by S. Dali.

Obviously, time is not only an important component of human life, but also a kind of indicator of many human qualities. Therefore, attitude to time is an important criterion when assessing personality.

We carried out a selection of words with the meaning of time from the poems of V. Tsoi. In total, the author’s texts contain 442 lexical units of interest to us. Such a number of linguistic units gives us the right to assert that the motif of time occupies a special place in the author’s work, especially considering the relatively small number of texts he created.

After sampling, we distributed the words according to their frequency in the author’s texts, which is presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Night		Day		Morning
Year		Spring		Winter
Tomorrow		Time		Summer
Hour		When		For a long time
Watch		Soon		Once upon a time
Forever		Autumn		Late
Now		Today		Now
Ten to ten		Past		Never
Tomorrow		Yesterday		Moment
Slow		Early		Second
Morning		April		Today's
At eight in the morning		Dawn		Fourth day
Two thousand years		Ten sharp		Half a century
Eternity		Sunset		A week
Future		One day		Earlier
Straightaway		December		Forever
Fifth year		Midnight		Still
Before dark		After

It is noticeable from the table that the author most often uses words that name a certain time of day, and their number in each of the first three groups is almost the same. This indicates the monotony and cyclical nature of the author’s life, moving in a circle. In addition, the word “time” itself, which gave the name to this semantic field and, in fact, is a capital, generalizing word for other words, is far from the first place in frequency in V. Tsoi’s texts. This is probably because the word "time" is quite abstract. And the texts of this author, as we see from the table, are characterized by more specific shades of meaning.

1. Deadline

a) uncertain

b) specific

2. Time of day

a) uncertain

b) specific

3. Time of year

We will visually present the results of our research in the form of tables, commenting on each of them.

table 2

Indefinite term		Specific date
Time		Year
When		Tomorrow
Always		Hour
For a long time		Now
Soon		Today
Once upon a time		Now
Forever		Tomorrow
Late		Yesterday
Past		Today's
Never		Ninety two days
Early		Second
Future		Moment
Earlier		Fifth year
Forever		Fourth day
After		Two thousand years
Still		Half a century
One day		Eternity
		A week

This table shows the frequency of words in the semantic field of time with a narrower meaning of “term”, which in turn is divided into two groups of words: “indefinite period”, that is, an abstract understanding of time, and “specific term”. As can be seen from the table, the meaning of a specific term prevails in the work of V. Tsoi over the abstract concept of “time”. Judging by this fact, one can judge the author’s definiteness, the clarity of his ideas about time, and, consequently, his awareness of the value of this phenomenon.

Words with a connotation of time of day were distributed in a similar way, as shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Uncertain time		Exact time
Day		Ten to ten
Night		By nine
Morning		At eight in the morning
Dawn		Midnight
Morning		Ten sharp
Before dark
Sunset

We see exactly the same expression in the text of such opposite concepts as day and night. The day, according to the Dictionary of Symbols and Signs, symbolizes the bright beginning in a person, good aspirations, vigorous activity, and optimism. Night, on the contrary, is associated with the dark sides of the human personality, bad intentions, sleep, and danger. This representation of opposing concepts in V. Tsoi’s texts best illustrates the inconsistency of the author’s personality and ambiguous understanding of time: time flies quickly and it is necessary to keep up with it, or time is a slow flow that does not encourage decisive action.

Now let’s look at how words with a connotation of season are distributed according to their frequency in V. Tsoi’s texts.

Table 4

As can be seen from the data in Table 4, spring prevails among all seasons in the author’s texts. According to the Dictionary of Symbols and Signs, spring represents rebirth, the beginning of a new life, a departure from sleep, awakening. This indicates a fair amount of optimism in the author’s character and an active life position. But the next most common season in V. Tsoi’s texts is winter, which, on the contrary, symbolizes death, sleep, slow life. In this group, the same tendency is noticeable as in the previous one: a combination of opposing concepts in the mind of one person. This once again indicates some inconsistency in the author’s character.

It is impossible not to mention the partial belonging of words with the meaning of time presented in the texts of V. Tsoi. The overwhelming number of words we found (330) are nouns. This means that for the author, time is an independent phenomenon that does not depend on a person, sometimes even animate. The next most common are adverbs (93). In these cases, time appears as an important component of a particular situation, an integral part of events, the circumstance under which they occur. The smallest group of words that belong to independent parts of speech (9) are adjectives. The author is least inclined to consider time an attribute, property, sign of objects; for him this is too narrow an understanding of time. An interesting fact is that among the words with the meaning of time there is not a single verb, participle or gerund. After all, time is a dynamic, moving phenomenon, and nouns, adjectives and adverbs reflect permanent, static objects or signs. Of the auxiliary parts of speech, temporary conjunctions are presented in V. Tsoi’s texts (10). This indicates that time for the author is not only an independent phenomenon, but also a connecting link between events and specific time periods.

BELOUSOVA Yana Aleksandrovna

Krasnodar region, Temryuk district, Taman village

MBOUSOSH No. 28, 10 B class

SEMANTIC FIELD OF TIME IN THE TEXTS OF VIKTOR TSOI

Scientific supervisor: Milena Mikhailovna Loginova, teacher of Russian language and literature, Secondary School No. 28

Conclusion

Summing up the study, we can say that we completed all the assigned tasks. Using the method of semantic analysis of words with the semantics of time, we restored V. Tsoi’s ideas about this phenomenon. The author is characterized by an ambiguous understanding of time. His attitude towards him changes depending on the situation, which indicates the internal contradictions and uncertainty of the author.

The part-speech affiliation of words with the meaning of time suggests that for the author time can be both an independent, independent phenomenon, and a minor participant in what is happening, or even just a connection between individual events. The varied morphological expression of time in V. Tsoi’s texts reflects the author’s understanding of the value and importance of this phenomenon.

In addition, the total number of words with the meaning of time (442 words) showed that the motif of time occupies a special place in the work of V. Tsoi.

The practical value of this work lies in the use of the method of semantic analysis, which can be used in everyday life, when communicating, providing people with a greater understanding of each other’s thoughts and feelings.

We see the prospect for further research in comparing the texts of V. Tsoi with the texts of other songwriters on the subject of the semantic field of time or in a more in-depth study of V. Tsoi’s work, for example, determining the main motives of his work, in addition to the motive of time.

BELOUSOVA Yana Aleksandrovna

Krasnodar region, Temryuk district, Taman village

MBOUSOSH No. 28, 10 B class

SEMANTIC FIELD OF TIME IN THE TEXTS OF VIKTOR TSOI

Scientific supervisor: Milena Mikhailovna Loginova, teacher of Russian language and literature, Secondary School No. 28

List of used literature

1. Big book of aphorisms / comp. K. Dushenko. – M., 2003.
2. Dal V.I. Proverbs of the Russian people. – M., 1957.
3. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary / ed. V.N. Yartseva. URL: http://tapemark.narod.ru/les/index.html
4. Rosenthal D.E., Telenkova M.A. Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Manual for teachers. Ed. 2nd, rev. and additional M., "Enlightenment", 1976.
5. Dictionary of symbols and signs / comp. N.N. Rogalevich. – M., 2004.
6. Tsoi M. Victor Tsoi. Poetry. Documentation. Memories. – M., 1991.

SEMANTIC FIELD, a term used in linguistics most often to designate a set of linguistic units united by some common (integral) semantic feature; in other words, having some common non-trivial component of meaning. Initially, the role of such lexical units was considered to be units of the lexical level - words; Later, in linguistic works, descriptions of semantic fields appeared, which also included phrases and sentences.

One of the classic examples of a semantic field is a field of color terms, consisting of several color series ( red – pink – pinkish – crimson; blue – blue – bluish – turquoise etc.): the common semantic component here is “color”.

The semantic field has the following basic properties:

1. The semantic field is intuitively understandable to a native speaker and has a psychological reality for him.

2. The semantic field is autonomous and can be identified as an independent subsystem of the language.

3. Units of the semantic field are connected by one or another systemic semantic relationships.

4. Each semantic field is connected with other semantic fields of the language and, together with them, forms a language system.

The theory of semantic fields is based on the idea of ​​the existence of certain semantic groups in a language and the possibility of linguistic units entering one or more such groups. In particular, the vocabulary of a language (lexis) can be represented as a set of separate groups of words united by various relations: synonymous ( brag – boast), antonymous ( speak – keep silent) and so on.

The possibility of such a representation of vocabulary in the form of a combination of many particular systems of words was discussed already in linguistic works of the 19th century, for example in the works of M.M. Pokrovsky (1868/69–1942). The first attempts to identify semantic fields were made when creating ideographic dictionaries, or thesuruses - for example, by P. Roger ( cm. DICTIONARY). The term “semantic field” itself began to be actively used after the publication of the works of J. Trier and G. Ipsen. This representation of the lexical system is primarily a linguistic hypothesis, and not an axiom, and therefore is often used as a method of conducting language research, and not as its goal.

The elements of a separate semantic field are connected by regular and systemic relationships, and, consequently, all the words of the field are mutually opposed to each other. Semantic fields can intersect or completely enter into one another. The meaning of each word is most fully determined only if the meanings of other words from the same field are known. Let's compare two color series red – pink And red - pink – pinkish. If you focus only on the first color row, then several different color shades can be designated by the same lexeme pink. The second color series gives us a more detailed division of color shades, i.e. the same color shades will be correlated with two lexemes - pink And pinkish.

A separate linguistic unit can have several meanings and, therefore, can be classified into different semantic fields. For example, adjective red can be included in the semantic field of color terms and at the same time in the field, the units of which are united by the generalized meaning “revolutionary”.

The semantic feature underlying the semantic field can also be considered as a certain conceptual category, one way or another correlated with the reality surrounding a person and with his experience. The absence of a sharp opposition between semantic and conceptual concepts is stated in the works of J. Trier, A. V. Bondarko, I. I. Meshchaninov, L. M. Vasiliev, I. M. Kobozeva. This consideration of an integral semantic feature does not contradict the fact that the semantic field is perceived by native speakers as some independent association correlated with one or another area of ​​human experience, i.e. psychologically real.

The simplest type of semantic field is a field of paradigmatic type, the units of which are lexemes belonging to the same part of speech and united by a common categorical seme ( cm. SEMA) in meaning. Such fields are often also called semantic classes or lexical-semantic groups.

As noted by I.M. Kobozeva, L.M. Vasilyev and other authors, connections between units of a separate semantic field can differ in “breadth” and specificity. The most common types of connections are connections of the paradigmatic type (synonymous, antonymic, genus-species, etc.).

For example, a group of words tree, branch, trunk, sheet etc. can form both an independent semantic field, united by the “part - whole” relationship, and be part of the semantic field of plants. In this case, the lexeme tree will serve as a hyperonym (generic concept) for lexemes such as, for example, birch, oak, palm etc.

The semantic field of verbs of speech can be represented as a combination of synonymous series ( talk – talk – communicate – ...; scold – scold – criticize...; tease – to make fun of – make fun of- ...) etc.

An example of a minimal semantic field of a paradigmatic type can be a synonymous group, for example, a certain group of the same verbs of speech. This field is formed by verbs speak, tell, chat, chatter etc. Elements of the semantic field of verbs of speech are united by the integral semantic feature of “speaking”, but their meaning is not identical. The units of this semantic field are distinguished by differential features, for example, “mutual communication” ( talk), "one-way communication" ( report, report). In addition, they differ in stylistic, usual, derivational and connotative components of meaning. For example, verb scold, in addition to the seme of “speaking”, also has an additional connotative meaning ( cm. CONNOTATION) – negative expressiveness.

A general semantic feature that unites elements of a specific semantic field can act as a differential feature in other semantic fields of the same language. For example, the semantic field of “verbs of communication” will include a field of verbs of speech along with lexemes such as telegraph, write etc. The integral semantic feature for this field will be the sign of “transmission of information”, and the “channel of information transmission” – oral, written, etc. – will act as a differential feature.

To identify and describe semantic fields, methods of component analysis and associative experiment are often used. Groups of words obtained as a result of an associative experiment are called associative fields.

The term “semantic field” itself is now increasingly being replaced by narrower linguistic terms: lexical field, synonymous series, lexical-semantic field, etc. Each of these terms more clearly defines the type of linguistic units included in the field and/or the type of connection between them. Nevertheless, in many works both the expression “semantic field” and more specialized designations are used as terminological synonyms.

CHAPTER 1. TIME CONTINUUM OF COSSACK TALKS AS

FIELD STRUCTURE.

1.1. The question of field structures in the language system.

1. 2. Nuclear-peripheral relations in the LSP “Time”.

1. 3. The space of the extreme periphery of the LSP “Time”.

1. 4. Structural and semantic features of the constituents of the LSP

1.5. Historical and cultural factors that determined the idioethnic originality of the temporal vocabulary and phrasemics of Cossack dialects.

1. 6. Conclusions.

CHAPTER 2. SENSIBLE OPPOSITION CONCRETE - ABSTRACT TIME.

2. 1. Microfield “Specific time”.

2. 1. 1. Daily cycle.

2.1. 1. 1. Expression of daily time using single lexemes.

2. 1. 1.2. Expressing daily time using stable combinations.

2. 1.2. Units of time in terms of week and month.

2. 1.3. Annual circle.

2. 2. Microfield “Abstract time”.

2. 3. Microfield “Age”.

2. 4. Conclusions.

CHAPTER 3. MICROPOLIE “RITUAL TIME” AND ITS

PRAGMATIC POTENTIAL.

3.1. Ritual time as a form of implementation of the cyclic model.

3. 2. Cossack folk calendar as a form of broadcasting ritual time.

3.3. Basic units of ritual time and their pragmatic properties.

3. 4. Temporal organization of the wedding ceremony.

3. 5. Temporal organization of funeral and memorial rites.

3. 6. Conclusions.

Recommended list of dissertations

• An emotive fragment of the dialect picture of the world of the Don Cossacks: structural-semantic and ethnolinguocultural aspects 2010, Candidate of Philological Sciences Grigorieva, Natalya Aleksandrovna

• Lexico-semantic field “Clothing” in the Don Cossack dialect: ethnolinguistic and linguocultural aspects 2008, Candidate of Philological Sciences Kalinina, Margarita Vladimirovna

• Speech as a basic value in the linguistic consciousness of the Don Cossacks: based on the material of the Don Cossack dialects 2008, Candidate of Philological Sciences Yurchenko, Svetlana Arkadyevna

• Lexico-semantic field "Fishing" in Don Cossack dialects 2012, Candidate of Philological Sciences Krapivina, Maria Sergeevna

• Ethnolinguocultural foundations of Don dialect phrasemics 2003, Doctor of Philology Brysina, Evgenia Valentinovna

Introduction of the dissertation (part of the abstract) on the topic “Lexico-semantic field “Time” in the Don Cossack dialect: ethnolinguocultural aspect of the study”

In linguistics at the beginning of the 21st century, one of the main issues is the relationship between language and culture. Modern science of language is actively developing directions in which language is considered as a “cultural code of a nation.” Researchers note that language is the main custodian and carrier of ethnocultural information, the exponent of a certain national mentality. Language records the historical past of a nation, way of life, traditions, customs of people, national-cultural identity of character and unique psychology of the people, value priorities and originality of spiritual life (Maslova 2001: 9; Telia 1996: 235).

Based on this understanding of the relationship between language and culture at the end of the 20th century. A new scientific direction has emerged and is actively developing - linguoculturology, the object of which is the interaction of language, which acts as a translator of cultural information, and culture as the historical memory of the people. Ethnolinguistics, the subject of which is language in its relationship with ethnicity, the place and role of language in society, is closely related to linguoculturology.

In the aspect of linguoculturology and ethnolinguistics, the worldview of a people at each synchronous section of its history is not homogeneous: the cultural-national palette is characterized by a multiplicity of attitudes, understanding of similar situations or phenomena from different positions, so that speakers of any language focus on different aspects of situations or different hypostases of the phenomenon. Stereotypes, as a rule, do not belong to the entire people as a whole, but to some of their social and dialect groups. Therefore, modern linguistics studies not only the features of the linguistic reflection of the world by large groups - a nation, people, ethnic group, but also a territorially limited society, and there is already experience in describing and modeling the linguistic picture of the world on lexical dialect material.

Thus, research in regional linguistics has also become the focus of new scientific paradigms. The increased attention of scientists in recent years to the problems of the development and functioning of folk dialects is largely due to the awareness of their importance as guardians of the uniqueness of national linguistic pictures of the world and the significant contribution of dialects to national speech cultures (Goldin 1997: 3).

According to E.V. Brysina, a territorial dialect is a means of communication between the population of a historically established region with specific ethnographic features and serves as a universal form of accumulation and transmission of the ethnocultural originality of the linguistic picture of the world of dialect speakers, which manifests itself, first of all, at its lexical and phraseological level (Brysina 20036: 6).

Each ethnic group differs only in its inherent ways of perceiving the surrounding reality, which are formed on the basis of its own practical exploration of the world, relying on traditions and customs, taking into account cultural attitudes and the specifics of ethnic consciousness. And one of the most important components of ethnic consciousness is the people’s ideas about time. They reflect not only the biological rhythms of the life of an ethnic group, but also the stages of its cultural development, the pace of its evolutionary movement. In the ways of perception and awareness of time, many cultural stereotypes are revealed, reflecting common features in the vision of the world by representatives of one or another ethnic group (Dmitryuk 2000: 208).

According to A.Ya. Gurevich, time, along with such significant concepts as space, reason, being, fate, etc., belongs to the defining categories of human consciousness, which in each individual culture are interconnected and form a “model of the world” - a kind of “coordinate grid” , through which people perceive reality and build an image of the world that exists in their minds. A person is not born with a sense of time; his temporal and spatial concepts are always determined by the culture to which he belongs” (Gurevich 1969: 105). Consequently, we can talk about the ethnic uniqueness of the perception of time by representatives of a particular society.

Temporal semantics is presented in the Russian language as a complex interaction of grammatical and lexical means, and the latter are of particular interest today as a building material that forms a temporal fragment of the linguistic picture of the world. Many aspects associated with linguistic means of expressing temporality have long attracted the attention of linguists. Thus, in a number of works of an etymological nature, the origin of individual temporary lexemes is traced (V.F. Zhitnikov, V.V. Kolesov, M. Vasmer, P.Ya. Chernykh, N.M. Shansky, etc.). From the point of view of the systemic organization of vocabulary, temporary lexemes were considered in the works of M.V. Vsevolodova, D.G. Ishchuk, V.V. Morkovkina, G.S. Shchura and others. Finally, in a number of works, temporal lexemes are considered as significant components of the linguistic picture of the world, the peculiarities of the perception of time by the Russian linguistic consciousness, the functional features of temporal words, etc. are studied. These are the works of J1.P. Akhmerova, A.A. Zaliznyak, J1.H. Mikheeva, N.I. Tolstoy, S.M. Tolstoy, A.D. Shmeleva, E.S. Yakovleva and others.

Dialectal linguistic means of expressing temporality are of interest to dialectologists. Structural and semantic features of dialect lexemes and phrasemes, methods of verbalizing time in a dialect, time models existing in dialects, etc. are considered in the works of S.M. Belyakova, E.V. Brysina, L.I. Ivashko, M.M. Kondratenko, I.A. Podyukova, S.A. Tsapenko and others.

The study of the most significant fragments of the linguistic picture of the world of dialect speakers, in particular that fragment of it that is associated with the perception of time, seems relevant, as it contributes to the comprehension of the ethnocultural specifics of dialect vocabulary and phrasemics, the semantics of which reflects the worldview of the Cossack subethnic group.

In addition to the great interest of linguist scientists in modeling linguistic pictures of the world or individual fragments of these pictures, studying the specifics of a linguistic personality, linguistic consciousness, etc., questions of the systemic organization of language remain relevant. The problem of systematic organization of vocabulary is also significant at the present stage of development of linguistics. The objective existence of the lexical-semantic system of language is recognized by most scientists, however, vocabulary as a fairly integral and organized system in a certain way requires further description. One of the possible ways to study the systemic connections of lexical units, according to researchers, is to isolate semantic fields and determine their semantic structure (Krivchenko 1973: 99). This study makes an attempt to comprehensively describe a temporary fragment of dialect linguistic reality in systemic (namely, field) and ethnolinguocultural aspects.

The above factors determine the relevance of the dissertation research.

The object of our research is the Don dialect vocabulary and phrasemics, reflecting the Cossacks’ ideas about time.

The subject of the study is the ethnocultural content and originality of lexical and phraseological means of expressing temporality.

The work is based on the following hypothesis: the linguistic means of expressing the category of temporality in the Cossack dialects of the Don have an ethnocultural originality, which is determined by both linguistic and extralinguistic factors and finds special expression in the Don dialect vocabulary and phrasemics.

Purpose of the work: to identify the ethnolinguocultural features of the lexical-semantic field “Time” in the Don Cossack dialect.

In connection with this goal, the following tasks are solved:

1) develop a field model of the temporal space of Don Cossack dialects;

2) identify nuclear-peripheral relations constituting the lexical-semantic field “Time”;

3) determine the structural and semantic features of the analyzed group of linguistic units;

4) identify the main historical and cultural factors that determined the idioethnic originality of the constituents of the modeled field;

5) identify the ethnocultural uniqueness of Cossack dialect vocabulary and phrasemics associated with the perception of time; pragmatic potential of units of time.

The methodological basis of the study is linguo-philosophical provisions on the interaction of language and culture; the postulate about the relative social determination of language; general linguistic principles of the systemic and structural organization of language and units of the language system. The theoretical basis of the study is represented by fundamental works in the field of linguoculturology (Yu. D. Apresyan, A. D. Arutyunova, A. Vezhbitskaya, V. A. Maslova, Y. S. Stepanova, V. N. Teliya, etc.), ethnolinguistics ( N.I. Tolstoy, S.M. Tolstoy, M.M. Kopylenko and others), linguistic picture of the world (S.M. Belyakova, I.B. Levontina, J.I.H. Mikheeva, N.I. Tolstoy, A.D. Shmeleva, E.S. Yakovleva, etc.), the doctrine of dialect as a territorial variety of a language and the repository of its history, developed in the works of R.I. Avanesova, L.I. Barannikova, V.E. Goldina, L.L. Kasatkina, R.I. Kudryashova, L.M. Orlova and others, ideas of thematic, lexical-semantic, ideographic grouping of vocabulary developed by L.M. Vasiliev, Yu.N. Karaulov, G.S. Shchur and others.

The implementation of the assigned tasks was carried out using the following methods and techniques: a) a descriptive method with techniques of observation, interpretation and classification of the material being studied; b) the method of ethnolinguocultural analysis developed by E.V. Brysina and presupposing a scientific interpretation of linguistic material based on the explication of information on history, culture, and data on the social organization of the corresponding subethnic group; dialectography techniques (collection, processing and linguistic interpretation of dialect material based on research intuition); c) elements of the method of component analysis (comparison of dictionary definitions, isolation of integral and differential semes), with the help of which common semantic components were established between the field name and specific units, and the distribution of nuclear and peripheral constituents of the field was carried out; d) the use of quantitative calculations, which makes it possible to clarify the relationship between different types of lexical dialectisms and types of phraseolex in the composition of set expressions.

The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that it was the first to carry out a comprehensive ethnolinguocultural analysis of the temporal vocabulary and phrasemics of Don Cossack dialects, presented in the form of a lexical-semantic field, and also described the structure and properties of the elements of the “Time” field, identifying its ethnolinguocultural features.

The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that it makes a certain contribution to the development of the problem of ethnolinguistic description of lexical-semantic fields in general and the lexical-semantic field “Time” in particular. Such an analysis allows us to characterize the vocabulary of any fragment of reality, taking into account both systemic and ethnolinguocultural approaches, and therefore describe it taking into account the entire volume of information.

The practical value of the dissertation lies in the possibility of using the results of the work in the practice of teaching Russian dialectology, courses in linguoculturology and ethnolinguistics, when teaching special courses on the ethnocultural uniqueness of dialect vocabulary and phrasemics, in compiling dialect dictionaries and a dictionary of the spiritual culture of the Don Cossacks.

The research sources are:

Dialect dictionaries: Dictionary of Russian Don dialects (first edition - 1975-1976, second edition (1 volume) - 1991), Large explanatory dictionary of the Don Cossacks (M., 2003), card index of the Dictionary of Don dialects of the Volgograd region ( SDGV), located at the Department of General and Slavic-Russian Linguistics of the Volgograd State Pedagogical University (VSPU);

Works of local writers - A.S. Serafimovich, B.P. Ekimova, E.A. Kulkina, and others, reflecting the history and life of the Don Cossacks.

The material for the analysis was the author's card index, which included 1118 units of temporal vocabulary and phraseemics of Don dialects, collected by continuous sampling from the indicated sources. In the concept of temporal vocabulary and phrasemics, we include words and phrases with a temporal meaning (chrononyms), as well as names associated with age stratification. Due to the fact that one of our tasks is to model the lexical-semantic field “Time”, for the completeness of the study we used dialect units in the semantic structure of which the meaning of temporal reference is expressed by one of the differential or potential semes, i.e. which are not actual symbols of time.

Provisions for defense:

1. Dialectal designations of time can be constructed into a field model - the lexical-semantic field “Time”, which is represented by a set of units interconnected by semantic commonality and structural relationships. According to its structural and semantic organization, the field “Time” claims to be a macrofield and is represented by a number of microfields, or functional-semantic zones, the constituents of which reflect different hypostases of the perception of time. As part of the “Time” field, we consider the following microfields: “Concrete time”, “Abstract time”, “Ritual time”, “Age, or Life time”.

2. Within microfields, nuclear, perinuclear and peripheral elements are distinguished. Nuclear elements include units that are direct designations of time, the semantics of which is not complicated by any additional meanings. The perinuclear space is filled with units, in the semantic structure of which the temporal seme is the nuclear one, but there are also some connotative semes. The zone of the near periphery consists of units that indirectly or indirectly contain an indication of time, expressed explicitly, and a temporal seme as one of the differential ones. The far periphery is formed by units in which the indication of time is represented by one of the differential semes, but is expressed implicitly. In the extreme periphery there are elements that, in their nuclear semantics, belong to other lexical-semantic fields, but contain the seme “time” as a potential or peripheral element.

3. To express temporal semantics in the Don dialects, literary, vernacular and dialect language means are used; Among the latter, a certain part consists of interdialectal vocabulary and phrasemics. Lexical dialectisms are represented by different types. Most dialectisms have a transparent internal form and are structurally and semantically motivated.

The Cossacks' ideas about time were reflected in different forms in the semantics of set expressions. Some set expressions denote time itself; the basis of other stable phrases was the names of everyday objects and phenomena, associatively reflecting concepts of time; a significant number of units containing temporal lexemes serve to express non-temporal concepts.

Ethnocultural information is presented in the semantics of dialect phraseological units both explicitly and implicitly.

4. The idioethnic originality of the Don temporal vocabulary and phrasemics is largely determined by the historical and cultural factors of the formation and functioning of the Cossack subethnic group: the leading role of the military activities of the Cossacks; the interruption of the cultural traditions of the Slavic ancestors, in particular, the secondary importance of agricultural labor in the initial stages of the formation of the Cossack subethnic group; the heterogeneity of Cossack dialects in general, as well as temporal vocabulary and phrasemics in particular.

5. The ethnocultural originality of temporal vocabulary and phrasemics manifests itself primarily at the semantic level and is reflected in the non-traditional and non-standard images (from the position of a native speaker of the literary language) that formed the basis of names, and the nature of metaphors. Ethnocultural content is possessed by those dialectal temporal units, in the semantics of which the peculiarities of the formation, development and life activity of the Cossack subethnic group are reflected. Culturally marked, first of all, are the actual dialect vocabulary and phraseology, ritual dialect units, and geortonyms.

Approbation of work. The main provisions and results of the study were discussed at regional scientific and practical conferences on local history (Volgograd, February 2005, 2006); at conferences of young researchers at Volgograd State Pedagogical University (VSPU, November 2004, 2005); at the III International Scientific Conference “National-cultural component in text and language” (Minsk, April 2005); at the III All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference “Problems of studying the living Russian word at the turn of the millennium” (Voronezh, October 2005); at the International Scientific Conference “Language and Society in Synchrony and Diachrony”, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of prof. JI. I. Barannikova (Saratov, November

2005); at the interuniversity dialectological readings “Regional vocabulary in the historical and cultural aspect” (Arzamas, November 2006); at the Second International Scientific Conference “Russian Literature in the Context of Modern Integration Processes” (Volgograd, April 2007) and were reflected in 9 articles and abstracts of one report.

Work structure. In accordance with the genre, the dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references, a list of dictionaries and text sources, a list of settlements in which information was collected, and an appendix.

Similar dissertations in the specialty "Russian language", 02/10/01 code VAK

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Conclusion of the dissertation on the topic “Russian language”, Lalaeva, Diana Igorevna

1. The Cossacks’ ideas about time combine its different characteristics, but the most relevant for speakers of dialects, as residents of rural areas, is the cyclical model of time associated with the life of nature and agricultural activities. It is used for weather monitoring and various seasonal work; Moreover, it plays an important role in organizing the annual time. There is a certain isomorphism in the Cossacks’ perception of the daily and annual cycles, which is also due to the fact that ideas of cyclicity occupy a large place in the human mind.

2. A clear expression of the cyclic model is the Cossack agricultural calendar, which generally inherits the traditions of the original Russian folk calendar, but also has its own characteristics caused by the specific conditions of the formation of the Cossack subethnic group. Thus, in the conditions of the breakdown of the agricultural cultural tradition in the Cossack calendar, the days (and, accordingly, their names) that marked the start and end of the main agricultural work were unclaimed.

3. The concept of ritual time includes the following characteristic - it is time that stands out from the everyday flow of time by its marking, special significance for the speaker of the dialect (the time of holidays, fasts and other significant periods of varying duration). Highlighting this aspect of time implies the existence of a potential semantic opposition between ritual and everyday life. The units of ritual time are segments of different durations: these are very small intervals at morning and evening dawn; most often a day coinciding with some holiday; periods of fasting; the period of time from Christmas to Epiphany and the week after Trinity; leap year. All units of ritual time have pragmatic properties, since they set a person a certain type of behavior, which involves the fulfillment of formulaic instructions (beating a willow twig in the Willow Whip), all kinds of restrictions and prohibitions, etc.

The microfield “Ritual Time” considered as part of the LSP “Time” has its own field organization, contains nuclear and peripheral elements represented by the semantics of both the actual units of time and units that are indirectly related to time. The total number of constituents of the microfield “Ritual Time” is 256 units, which amounted to 23% of the total number of units of the LSP “Time”; the core and perinuclear part contain 127 units, 129 units are located on the periphery.

4. Wedding and funeral rites of the Cossacks have their own clear temporal organization. Lexico-phraseological means that nominate the main moments of a wedding and funeral in time belong to the near periphery of the LSM “Ritual Time” and form within it two independent functional-semantic zones, within which their own field hierarchy is possible. These linguistic units express temporal semantics in different ways. In some of them the significance of temporary attachment is significantly felt; in other words and expressions, the semantics of time is not expressed explicitly, but through specific images; some units serve as designations of ritual actions taking place at one time or another at a wedding or funeral, and therefore contain only a hint of time. Set expressions vary in figurative characteristics, expressive capabilities and degree of semantic unity. Almost all of them are devoid of evaluative meaning and perform a nominative function in the dialect.

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241. Yaroslavl regional dictionary: textbook. manual: in 10 issue. Yaroslavl: YAGPI im. K.D. Ushinsky, 1981-1991.

242. LIST OF LITERARY SOURCES

243. Danilov, I.P. Don Chebor: miniatures / I.P. Danilov. Volgograd: Nizh.-Volzh. book publishing house, 1988. - 192 p.

244. Ekimov, B.P. Stories: Private investigation: a story / B.P. Ekimov; preface V. Vasilyeva. M.: Artist. lit., 1991.-415 p.

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246. Kogitin, V.V. Fairy tales-retellings / V.V. Kogitin. Volgograd: Stanitsa, 1996.-240 p.

247. Kulkin, E.A. The Forgiven Age: Trilogy: Crash: a novel / E.A. Kulkin. -Volgograd: State. institution "Publisher", 2000. 752 p.

248. Serafimovich, A.S. Collected works: in Utah. / A.S. Serafimovich. -M.: GIHL, 1947-1948.

250. Sukhov, N.V. Cossack woman: a novel / N.V. Sukhov. Volgograd: N.-Volzh. book ed., 1970.-576 p.

251. Turgenev, I.S. Novels and stories / I.S. Turgenev. M.: Artist. lit., 1965.-200 p.

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Full text of the dissertation abstract on the topic "Lexico-semantic field "Time" in the Don Cossack dialect"

As a manuscript

LALAEVA Diana Igorevna

LEXICAL-SEMANTIC FIELD “TIME” IN THE DON COSSACK DIALECT: ETHNOL INGVO CULTURAL ASPECT OF RESEARCH

dissertation for the degree of candidate of philological sciences

Volgograd - 2007

The work was carried out at the State educational institution of higher professional education "Volgograd State Pedagogical University"

Scientific adviser -

Doctor of Philology, Professor Rimma Ivanovna Kudryashova

Official opponents Doctor of Philology,

Professor Goldin Valentin Evseevich (t Saratov),

Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor Emma Vladimirovna Kopylova (Astrakhan)

Leading organization - Southern Federal

University (Rostov-on-Don)

The defense will take place on October 4, 2007 at 10:00 a.m. at a meeting of the dissertation council D 212 027 03 at the Volgograd State Pedagogical University at 400131, Volgograd, V. I. Lenin Ave., 27

The dissertation can be found in the library of the Volgograd State Pedagogical University

Scientific secretary of the dissertation council, Doctor of Philology,

Professor G* O N Kalenichenko

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF WORK

The relevance of research. In linguistics at the beginning of the 21st century, one of the main issues is the relationship between language and culture. Modern science of language is actively developing directions in which language is considered as a “cultural code of a nation”, a source and carrier of ethnocultural information and national mentality. In line with modern linguistic paradigms, such as ethnolinguistics and linguoculturology, there are also studies on regional linguistics Interest in folk dialects is due to the awareness of their significance as guardians of the national uniqueness of the linguistic pictures of the world in general and the ethnocultural uniqueness of the linguistic picture of the world of dialect speakers in particular

This work examines that fragment of the linguistic picture of the world of speakers of Cossack dialects, which is associated with the perception of time. People's ideas about time are one of the basic ones, nationally marked and ethnically determined, therefore, the linguistic means of expressing temporality also have national specificity and ethnocultural content, which, in First of all, it manifests itself at the lexical and phraseological level

Our study is devoted to the analysis of lexical and phraseological dialect means of expressing temporality and seems relevant for the following reasons: Firstly, interest in dialect speech as a cultural phenomenon is dictated by the fact that it records significant cultural stereotypes, standards and values ​​of a given people (including related with the category of time), helping to comprehend the logic of the development of the world by a given ethnic group. Secondly, despite the large number of works devoted to the category of temporality, the topic cannot be considered closed due to the diversity of the object of study itself, as well as the diversity of approaches to its solution. Thirdly, in This study makes an attempt to combine different approaches to the analysis of linguistic phenomena to carry out an ethnolinguocultural description of a temporal fragment of dialect linguistic reality, presented in the form of a lexical-semantic field

The object of our research is the Don dialect vocabulary and phrasemics, reflecting the Cossacks’ ideas about time. The subject of the study is the ethnocultural content and originality of the lexical and phraseological means of expressing temporality

The work is based on the following hypothesis: linguistic means of expressing the category of temporality in the Cossack dialects of the Don

have an ethnocultural originality, which is determined by both linguistic and extralinguistic factors and finds special expression in the Don dialect vocabulary and phrasemics

The purpose of the work is to identify the ethnolinguocultural features of the lexical-semantic field “Time” in the Don Cossack dialect

1) develop a field model of the temporal space of Don Cossack dialects,

2) identify nuclear-peripheral relations constituting the lexical-semantic field “Time”,

3) determine the structural and semantic features of the analyzed group of linguistic units,

4) identify the main historical and cultural factors that determined the idioethnic originality of the constituents of the modeled field,

5) identify the ethnocultural uniqueness of Cossack dialect vocabulary and phrasemics associated with the perception of time, the pragmatic potential of units of time

The methodological basis of the study is linguo-philosophical provisions on the interaction of language and culture, general linguistic principles of the systemic and structural organization of language and units of the language system.

The theoretical basis of the study is represented by fundamental works in the field of linguoculturology (Yu. D. Apresyan, N. D. Arutyunova, A. Vezhbitskaya, V. A. Maslova, Yu. S. Stepanova, V. N. Telia, etc.), ethnolinguistics (N. I. Tolstoy, S. M. Tolstoy , M.M Kopy-lenko, etc.); linguistic picture of the world (S. M. Belyakova, I. B. Levon-tina, L. N. Mikheeva, N. I. Tolstoy, A. D. Shmelev, E. S. Yakovleva); the doctrine of dialect as a territorial variety of language and the repository of its history, developed in the works of R. I. Avanesov, L.I. Barannikova, V.E. Goldina, L.L. Kasatkina, R.I. Kudryashova, L.M. Orlova and others; ideas of thematic, lexical-semantic, ideographic grouping of vocabulary, developed by L.M. Vasiliev, Yu. N. Karaulov, G. S. Shchur and others.

The implementation of the assigned tasks was carried out using the following methods and techniques: a) a descriptive method with techniques of observation, interpretation and classification of the material under study, b) a method of ethnolinguocultural analysis developed by E.V. Brysina and presupposing a scientific interpretation of linguistic material based on the explication of information on history, culture, data on the social organization of the corresponding subethnic group,

dialectography techniques (collection, processing and linguistic interpretation of dialect material based on research intuition), c) elements of the component analysis technique (comparison of dictionary definitions, isolation of integral and differential semes), with the help of which common semantic components were established between the field name and specific units, the distribution of nuclear and peripheral constituents of the field was carried out, d) the use of quantitative calculations, which made it possible to clarify the relationship between different types of lexical dialectisms, types of phraseolex in the composition of set expressions

Research sources are

Dialect dictionaries Dictionary of Russian Don dialects (first edition - 1975-1976, second edition (1st volume) - 1991), Large explanatory dictionary of the Don Cossacks M, 2003 (BTSDK), card file of the Dictionary of Don dialects of the Volgograd region (SDGV) from general and Slavic-Russian linguistics of the Volgograd State Pedagogical University (VGGGU),

Works of local writers - A S Serafimovich, B P Ekimov, E A Kulkin and others, reflecting the history and life of the Don Cossacks

The material for the analysis was the author's card file, which included 1118 units of temporal vocabulary and phraseemics of Don dialects, collected using a continuous sampling method from the indicated sources. In the concept of temporal vocabulary and phrasemics, we include words and phrases with a temporal meaning (chrononyms), as well as names associated with age stratification Due to the fact that one of our tasks is to model the lexical-semantic field “Time”, for the sake of completeness of the study we used dialect units in the semantic structure of which the meaning of temporal reference is expressed by one of the differential or potential semes, i.e. which are actually symbols of time

The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that it was the first to conduct a comprehensive ethnolinguocultural analysis of the temporal vocabulary and phrasemics of Don Cossack dialects, presented in the form of a lexical-semantic field, and also described the structure and properties of the elements of the “Time” field, identifying its ethnolinguo-cultural features

The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that it makes a certain contribution to the development of the problem of ethnolinguistic description of lexical-semantic fields in general and the lexical-semantic field “Time” in particular. Such an analysis allows us to characterize the vocabulary of any fragment of reality, taking into account both systemic and ethnolinguocultural approaches, and therefore describe it taking into account the entire volume of information

1. Dialectal designations of time can be constructed into a field model - the lexical-semantic field “Time”, which is represented by a set of units interconnected by semantic community and structural relationships. According to its structural-semantic organization, the field “Time” claims to be a macrofield and is represented by a number of microfields , or functional-semantic zones, the constituents of which reflect different hypostases of the perception of time. As part of the “Time” field, we consider the following microfields “Concrete time”, “Abstract time”, “Ritual time”, “Age, or Life time”

2. Inside the microfields, nuclear, perinuclear and peripheral elements are distinguished. Nuclear elements include units that are direct designations of time, the semantics of which is not complicated by any additional meanings. The perinuclear space is filled with units, in the semantic structure of which the temporal seme is the nuclear one, however, there are also some connotative semes Zone The near periphery consists of units that indirectly or indirectly contain an indication of time, expressed explicitly, and this time itself as one of the differential ones. The far periphery is formed by units in which the indication of time is represented by one of the differential semes, but is expressed implicitly. In the extreme periphery there are elements that, in their nuclear semantics, belong to other lexical-semantic fields, but contain the seme “time” as a potential or peripheral element.

3 To express temporal semantics in the Don dialects, literary, vernacular and dialectal linguistic means are used, some of the latter being interdialectal vocabulary and phrasemics. Lexical dialectisms are represented by different types. Most dialectisms have a transparent internal form and are structurally and semantically motivated.

The Cossacks' ideas about time in different forms were reflected in the semantics of stable expressions. Some stable expressions denote time itself, the basis of other stable expressions were the names of everyday objects and phenomena that associatively reflect the concepts of time, a significant number of units serve to express non-temporal concepts. Ethnocultural information is presented in the semantics of dialects phraseological units both explicitly (in the denotative aspect of meaning) and implicitly (in the connotative aspect)

4 The idioethnic originality of the Don temporal vocabulary and phrasemics is largely determined by the historical and cultural factors of the formation and functioning of the Cossack subethnic group, the leading role of military activity of the Cossacks, the interruption of the cultural traditions of the Slavic ancestors, in particular, the secondary importance of agricultural labor in the initial stages of the formation of the Cossack subethnic group, the heterogeneity of Cossack dialects in general, as well as temporal vocabulary and phrasemics in particular

5 The ethnocultural originality of temporal vocabulary and phrasemics is manifested primarily at the semantic level and is reflected in the non-traditional and non-standard images (from the position of a native speaker of the literary language) that formed the basis of the names, the nature of metaphors. Ethnocultural content is possessed by those dialect temporal units in the semantics of which the peculiarities are reflected formation, development and life of the Cossack subethnic group. Culturally marked, first of all, are the actual dialect vocabulary and phraseology, ritual dialect units, geortonyms

Approbation of work. The main provisions and conclusions of the study were discussed at regional scientific and practical conferences on local history (Volgograd, February 2005, 2006), at conferences of young researchers of the Volgograd State Pedagogical University (VSPU, November 2004, 2005); at the III International Scientific Conference “National-cultural component in text and language” (Minsk, April 2005), at the III All-Russian

scientific and practical conference “Problems of studying the living Russian word at the turn of the millennium” (Voronezh, October 2005), at the International scientific conference “Language and society in synchrony and diachrony”, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of Prof. L. I. Barannikova (Saratov, November 2005), at the interuniversity dialectological readings “Regional vocabulary in the historical and cultural aspect” (Arzamas, November 2006), at the Second International Scientific Conference “Russian Literature in the Context of Modern Integration Processes” (Volgograd, April 2007) Results research was reflected in 10 publications - 9 articles and abstracts of one report

Structure of the dissertation. The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references, a list of dictionaries and text sources, a list of settlements in which information was collected, and an appendix

The introduction substantiates the relevance of the dissertation topic, defines the object and subject, formulates the purpose and objectives of the research, reveals its scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance, characterizes the research material, and sets out the main provisions put forward for the defense.

In the first chapter, “The time continuum of Cossack dialects as a field structure,” a general characteristic of language fields is given, the status of the modeled field system as lexical-semantic is determined, an identifier word is highlighted, criteria for the core-periphery of the field are designated, the structural and semantic features of temporal lexemes are considered and phrasemes, ways of expressing cultural information, historical and cultural factors that determined the idioethnic originality of temporal vocabulary are highlighted

In this work, a lexical-semantic field is understood as a field in which vocabulary is combined according to a semantic (conceptual) principle. We model the field on the basis of a semantic-logical criterion, which is based on the principle of identification put forward by Sh. Bally. The essence of this principle comes down to highlighting the word -an identifier that expresses an idea, a concept in the most general, abstract and neutral form. This is the noun in the space we are modeling -

due to the commonality of the nominative function performed by lexical and phraseological units, the lexical-semantic field “Time” (LSF) combines vocabulary and phrasemics of the LSP “Time” is a complex formation in which, as in any classical field, the center is distinguished with division into the nuclear part and the perinuclear space and peripheral zones to varying degrees remote from the center.

Lexical and phraseological means of expressing the category of temporality are semantically heterogeneous, they form potential semantic oppositions (abstract time - concrete time, everyday time - ritual time, etc.), and therefore in the LSP “Time” a number of smaller formations can be distinguished - microfields (LSM) microfield “Concrete time”, containing temporal units that regulate time during the day, week, year, LSM “Abstract time”, the constituents of which convey the abstract characteristics of time; LSM “Ritual Time”, the dialect units of which nominate marked time (names of holidays, fasts, etc.) The microfield “Age” is located on the periphery of the LSP “Time” and contains units associated with designations of age

The general diagram of the LSP “Time” is presented to us in Fig. 1. Three circles in a black outline correspond to the three main zones of the LSP “Time” of the nuclear part, the perinuclear space and the periphery. Microfields are distinguished as part of the field; the “Time” field functions with other lexical-semantic fields (some of them are shown in Fig.)

To structure the constituents of the LSP “Time” by nuclear-peripheral zones, we adhere to the following gradation. Nuclear units are stylistically neutral, which are direct designations of time, the semantics of which expresses only temporality and is not complicated by any additional meanings (ziOius "last winter", zavesen "about the beginning of spring"). The nuclear space is filled with linguistic units, in the semantic structure of which The seme of time is nuclear, but there are also some other differential semes that “link” the lexical unit to a specific situation (skipping “the time of the ban on fishing during the spawning period”), or connotative ones (fly “dot” summer”) The near periphery zone consists of units that explicitly contain an indication of time and contain the seme “time” as one of the differential ones, but in their nuclear semantics are not designations of time

cherry "evening milk". The far periphery is formed by dialectisms in which the indication of time is also represented by one of the differential semes, but is expressed implicitly: ru"yushtsa "sheep's wool of spring shearing."

The greatest difficulty is structuring nuclear-peripheral relations regarding temporal stable expressions. Due to the specificity of marking time in dialects, we adhere to a broad understanding of the object of phraseology and, according to it, by phraseological unit (PU) we mean a stable and reproducible combination of words that has a relatively holistic meaning of a figurative or ugly type, characterized by a complete or partial set of components of the latter. Synonyms of the term PU. “stable combinations” and “stable expressions” are used in the work.

The stable expressions with the meaning of temporality considered as part of the LSP “Time” are referred by researchers of phraseology, as a rule, to its peripheral zones on the basis of the possession of an incomplete list of properties of a phraseological unit, such signs of phraseological units as integrity, generalization of meaning, its emotionally expressive and figurative properties, appear in these expressions optionally. In our opinion, in the LSP “Time” stable expressions that do not contain in their semantic structure such components of meaning as imagery, evaluativeness, expressiveness, but characterized by the reproducibility and stability of the component composition, are the core of the field According to the structural- genetic composition among the units of the nuclear part, prepositional case forms predominate (in the spring “at the beginning of spring”) In the perinuclear space there are stable expressions that denote a specific situation (mowing time “mowing time”), and those in the semantics of which there is although one of the following components: imagery, evaluativeness, expressiveness, emotionality (harmful stitch “sometimes, rarely”, or “pure winter”, winter with snow and wind, harsh and long”) The near and far zones of the periphery were made up of stable expressions containing this time in as one of the differential ones and expressed respectively explicitly (the first sung “first phase of sleep”) and implicitly (arriving “barking water” “spring water”) In addition, the extreme periphery is clearly distinguished, in which units are located that, in their nuclear semantics, relate to other LSPs , but as a potential seme containing the seme “time” (to be afraid, like summer snow “not to be afraid at all”) Potential semes are not present in the seme of the word and are not explicated by the dictionary, but accompany words and expressions as stable associations. The source of such semes is the background knowledge or life experience of dialect speakers

The percentage ratio of the nuclear, perinuclear and peripheral zones of the LSP “Time” in the Don Cossack dialects helps to present Fig. 2

As the diagram shows, the nuclear part of the field contains a smaller number of units, the next group in percentage terms is the perinuclear space, the periphery of the field is represented by the largest number of units.

Thus, the nuclear part of the “Time” field was made up of lexical units with a direct meaning of temporality, the perinuclear part is occupied mostly by signs of secondary nomination, figurative, evaluative units, on the periphery there are heterogeneous

□- I Geripheria

0 - Perinuclear space

nal elements: with the value of temporal reference in its near and far zones, with a gradual fading of the temporal feature in the zone of the extreme periphery. The constituents of the extreme zone of the periphery of the LSP “Time” are of particular interest, since in general they are expressions of a non-temporal nature, however, the figurative basis of their semantics is based on a person’s associative ideas about the properties and qualities of units of time measurement. Thus, a feature of the semantics of the expression reach the ninth day “about a slow-thinking person” is that speed, which is a measure of mental abilities, in this case is characterized by the time that must be spent to measure it. The characterized subject thinks so slowly that in order to perform any mental work, he needs nine whole days. The figurative basis of a phraseological unit is based on hyperbole, which makes it more expressive.

In the speech system of modern Cossack dialects, national words and phraseological units with the meaning of time, known to most native speakers of the Russian language (hour, day, year, century, time, from time to time, everything has its time, but days, etc.), are actively functioning. ]as well as colloquial lexical and phraseological units. This part of the dictionary of dialects has not been analyzed: only dialect vocabulary and phraseology are studied in the work.

An extensive group of temporal lexemes of the Don dialect consists of interdialectal vocabulary and phraseology. There are quite a lot of such units due to the fact that the Don dialects are migrant. Therefore, in the vocabulary and phrasemix of the studied dialects one can find elements that genetically go back to various dialects

early formation of summer “last year”, summer-Letenskoe “during the whole summer”, etc. (see SRNG)

Actually, Cossack dialect temporal words and expressions that are part of the Don dialect vocabulary and phrasemics are quite different in their structural and semantic organization. Based on the existing classifications of dialectisms according to their relationship with the literary language, in the analyzed material we can distinguish the following types of lexical dialectisms: 1) actual lexical dialectisms (lo"nis "last year", onomnya"s "several days ago", etc.), 2) lexical-semantic dialectisms (bashma"k "calf under the age of one year or one year old", seal"n" goby on the second year of life," etc.), 3) lexical-word-formative (spring" "yesterday", yesterday "yesterday", etc.), 4) lexical-phonemic dialectisms (for "today" "tomorrow" , Khresche"te "Baptism", etc.), 5) grammatical dialectisms (twilight "twilight, the time between sunset and nightfall\u"t(o)r "part of the day, the first hours of the day", etc.) , 6) accentological dialecticisms (autumn "about" autumn ", then "tom "poto" m", etc.); 7) adjacent dialecticisms (E V Kuznetsova) (Shift-zhenka "Exaltation", both "noon" and etc)

The relationship between different types of lexical dialectisms and the meaning of temporality is shown in the table

Type of dialectisms Number of units %

Proper lexical 280 49.3

Lexical and word-formative 142 25.1

Lexico-phonemic 28 4.9

Semantic 74 13

Grammar 13 2.3

Accentological 7 1.2

Adjacent 24 4.2

Total 568,100

It follows from the table that the predominant ones in the analyzed group of vocabulary are the actual lexical dialectisms. Phonemic, grammatical and accentological types of dialect words are represented by a smaller number of units.

Analysis of the component composition of set expressions made it possible to identify combinations of words, one or more components of which -

dialect word dull song "midnight", heavy year, harvest year", expressions consisting entirely of words of the national language, but not known in the literary language in this meaning, tol-ka "ch flour" will show "the future will show", the body "whose it's time" "youth", stable expressions, known to the Russian literary language, but subjected to phonetic, morphological or other transformation in the dialect by other "mra"zom "another time", in broad daylight "in the afternoon, in broad daylight" From stable phrases, consisting entirely of dialect words, one can note only one spa "sovskaya nuda" "the time of appearance of gadflies, horse flies and other stinging insects in August"

Dialectal phraseological units differ not only structurally, but also in the form of verbalization of the Cossacks’ ideas about time, in connection with which we distinguish 1) names of units of time, denoting the actual time in dinners “at noon”, year to year “annually”, 2) names of household objects, phenomena, signs, associatively reflecting temporary concepts of living a century for chicken roast, “wasting years uselessly”, (General) Trusov came “about the onset of cold times”; 3) names of units of time, which serve to express “non-temporal” concepts stand in September “stand sideways, showing inattention to someone”, hundred years on Saturday “about something very old”.

It can be noted that the units of the first group reflect the actual temporal concepts, they are as close as possible to the core of the “Time” field and function in the dialect for the most part as prepositional-case and tautological combinations of the ugly type. The linguistic units of the second group are also designations of temporary relations, but in contrast to the first, a number of connotative cultural and pragmatic semantic elements are distinguished in their semantic structure (on the basis of which they occupy the perinuclear parts of the field). As for the units of the third group, which are peripheral elements of the LSP “Time”, although they do not serve as designations of time , however, they provide valuable information about the mechanisms of linguistic metaphors operating in the formation of the meaning of a stable expression. Units of the second and third groups have rich ethnocultural content, since they indicate the life of the Cossacks (cast the dawns “to water the plants within two weeks after planting at morning and evening dawns” ), about their traditions and customs (cut off the tail “visiting the newlyweds a month after the wedding”), about etiquette behavior (had a great night “morning greeting”), about standards and values ​​(do Sunday

Senye "to provide collective assistance"), etc., that is, they reproduce the mentality of this subethnic group

Cultural information embodied in a phraseological sign can be presented in it both explicitly (in the denotative aspect of meaning) and implicitly (in the connotative aspect). Those dialect temporal units in which ethnocultural information is contained in the denotative aspect of meaning are included in their composition in as components of ethnically marked vocabulary reflecting the phenomena of the material and spiritual culture of the Cossacks. For example, the lexeme musk deer in the stable expression musk deer finish eating “a party on the third day of the wedding in a narrow circle of relatives” acts as both a signal and a carrier of information about the life and customs of the Cossacks. In one of the meanings musk deer - these are the bony parts of the body of cattle. Therefore, to finish eating a musk deer is literally to eat up the leftovers, the last thing left after a plentiful treat. Over time, the expression was metaphorized into a designation of a very specific situation - the name of one of the last stages of the wedding ceremony. Already fairy pae-li , only bones remain, so they say - musk deer Daidat (Man)*

Another type of set expressions contains cultural information in the connotative aspect of meaning; its extraction is possible only on the basis of an analysis of the figurative basis of phraseology in cultural categories, relying on the cultural competence of the researcher and background knowledge and ideas of dialect speakers. For example, the expression all year round Maslenitsa “about who lives in abundance" is connected with the objective knowledge of dialect speakers about the celebration of Maslenitsa - one of the most cheerful and vibrant folk holidays, celebrated nationwide, on an exceptional scale, Wed It happened that the olive was celebrated, be it Zdarof, this fairy fell silent Pancakes were squashed on the olive, dumplings were played, songs were played , the Ryazhyns went, after all, a holiday (SDGV) But, unfortunately, “Mardi Gras Week” happens only once a year; at other times, a person has to be more modest in his requests, in particular, in the choice of food, rather than holidays Therefore, people talk about Cossack families, where prosperity reigns, all year round - Maslenitsa.

The ethnocultural originality of the Don dialect vocabulary and phraseology is largely determined by the history of the formation of the Cossacks

as a special subethnic group of the Russian people. The mixed linguistic composition of the Don dialect determined the migrant type of dialect system on the Don, which was reflected in the lexical and phraseological means of expressing temporality, among which we find the Cossack words and expressions themselves, as well as those borrowed from other lexical systems. Such factors , as the interruption of the agricultural traditions of their ancestors, special material and spiritual priorities, including the leading role of the military activity of the Cossacks, indirectly affected both the internal form of some units of time and the total amount of temporal vocabulary denoting the stages of economic and everyday activities. Secondary significance agricultural labor in the initial stages of the formation of the Cossack subethnic group affected the poorly represented agrarian calendar of the Donets.

The second chapter, “The semantic opposition between concrete and abstract time,” is devoted to the analysis of linguistic units that are constituents of the microfields “Concrete Time” and “Abstract Time,” as well as the modeling of the peripheral microfield “Age” within the LSP “Time.”

Identification of two aspects of the perception of time (concrete time and abstract time) is directly related to the quantitative and qualitative properties of time. Time can be measured in a certain way (metric properties of time) and can be assessed and certain operations carried out with it (qualitative characteristics of time). Discrete time has special units dimensions are time points and segments of different sizes, such as an hour, a day, parts of a day, a day, a year, etc. We find that metric properties are inherent in concrete time, which is opposed to an abstract time, more endowed with qualitative characteristics, which, however , does not exclude an evaluative interpretation of a specific time.

We put the following content into the concept of specific time. this time is relatively precise within a separate time period - a day, a week of a month, a year, in contrast to abstract time concepts such as duration, duration, etc.

The microfield “Specific time” is formed, in turn, by three isomorphic but different-scale semantic segments “Daily circle”, “Weekly and monthly cycles”, “Annual circle”

Nominations of time periods during the day constitute one of the most extensive segments in the “Specific Time” microfield

Daily segments can be characterized by a variety of parameters, of which the main ones, as the material has shown, are the following weather characteristics (weather day “clear, sunny day”), temperature (cold “early in the morning, when it is not yet hot”), size, duration ( long day "summer solstice day", emotional-evaluative attitude (de"nichek "fine day"), sound (before the kochets "until late at night, until the first roosters crow"), color (svetlyn "bright night").

Time within a day can be indicated both by single lexemes and stable combinations of words. Single lexemes, which are expressions of daily time, are quite numerous, convey different semantic shades, many of them have a vivid internal content. For the purpose of ease of perception, we consider these dialect words according to their belonging to a certain lexical and grammatical category

The predominant expressions of daily time are nouns (42%), which are designations of parts of the day (vecherka “evening”, morning “early morning”, dawn”), as well as names of persons, phenomena, etc., which function and are produced in a certain daily period (both "deshnik" "lunch milk yield", shame "tic" "one who gets up early") The former belong, as a rule, to the nuclear part and the perinuclear space, the latter fill different zones of the periphery, since they characterize non-temporal concepts and are the names of everyday and economic realities, premises, plant species, etc., but as a differential component they contain a temporal component of meaning

Through verbal vocabulary (21%), which is represented mainly by formations from literary roots (day, night, evening, dawn), the onset of one or another part of the day is recorded (to talk about the onset of evening, to become 1) “to dawn (about the onset of morning)”, 2) “about the time closer to lunch”), changes in lighting (grey “to dawn (about the onset of dawn)”, blue “to get dark (about the onset of evening)" - at dusk, the color of the sky and everything around gives off blue, actions carried out at different times of the day (summer "to have afternoon tea", zoreva "to sleep at dawn longer than is customary") The main meaning in these formations is the meaning of the action in the broad sense of the word, and the temporal seme performs a differentiating function - indicates the time of the action

The fairly high representation of adverbs (23%) is associated with the suitability of their categorical content for expressing

temporal relations, conveying various semantic shades, characteristics in relation to the past, present and future. The vast majority of adverbs with specific semantics of time serve to designate morning time and convey this meaning with the help of different semantic shades. Thus, the adverbs u"tros, u"three, as and their literary analogue in the morning, are the most general in meaning of the words Utras pastavla pancakes (BTSDK 547) The adverb "trets" utrechkom" is a synonym for the first two, but differs from them in stylistic coloring. The adverb nau" tres "in the morning" differs from the previous ones in that contains a possible reference to some situation that occurred earlier. The adverbial expression from morning "in the morning" contains the semantic component "starting the day", and adverbs such as nara"nye "early in the morning", razra"no "very early" have an obligatory component of meaning - “very” They went out to the ground, and you won’t even start dating (BTSDK 447)

A small number of units represent adjectives (9-7%). Words of this part of speech are located in the center of the LSP “Time” and on its periphery, depending on what they characterize. Thus, the adjective everyday “everyday” if it refers to to a noun day, will belong to the perinuclear space of the field, but if we are talking about everyday clothes, everyday activities, etc., then the adjective will move to the periphery of LSPV Come on a weekday day, and now is a holiday (BTSDK 58) To express time within a day, the Cossacks use a large number stable expressions Figurative definitions of the time of day - by celestial bodies, the state of the atmosphere, by birds and animals, by situations from human economic activity, etc. - form an integral part of folk phraseology and are characterized by the presence of similar structural and semantic models, as well as images of the realities of the surrounding reality, phenomena or actions that formed the basis of the nomination. For example, the figurative basis of many expressions was stable, repeating situations of village life: the morning driving of cattle to pasture and their evening return, feeding of animals (calf time in one of the meanings “early evening, when it’s time to drive the calves home and feed", pig afternoons" 10-11 o'clock in the morning, time for feeding pigs") - It's time for the fowl to come, and Ana is already asleep - How is this flock time? - When you're afraid, paranoid that the cows will come (Sem) Mooing of cows , the squealing of pigs, the crowing of roosters - all this was also a kind of measure of time and was entrenched in stable figures of speech that the Cossacks use to this day

The daily cycle of time is divided not only into the traditionally allocated day and night, morning and evening, but also into many intermediate stages of morning, afternoon, evening and night, which is evidence of the significance of these periods of time for the Cossacks, especially since many of them are associated certain types of household and economic activities

The time that lies at the origins of the daylight hours is indicated by the expressions dawn is “very early, just beginning to get light”, the third kochet is “the end of the night, the beginning of dawn”, from the dark mountain “early in the morning, at dawn” (BTSDK 449) About a man who returned home very late, in the morning, on the Don they can say he returned on the kochets, that is, when the roosters crowed at dawn (ibid.), or the dawn threw up - about the one who returned with the first ray of the sun. The dawn threw the guy away” (BTSDK 179)

The period of daytime is divided into morning, lunch and afternoon and is marked quite clearly. Lunch time is manifested by the expressions time (sun) in oak “11-12 o’clock in the afternoon” (BTSDK 141), sun in two oaks “the highest position of the sun, 12-14 hours of the day" (SDGV), sun from noon "afternoon time" (BTSDK 394), etc.

To denote evening time, the following expressions are characteristic: dawn subsides (dawn burns out) “about the onset of late evening, darkness”, sun in oak (oak) “early evening, 6-7 o’clock”, sun behind oak “sunset time” (SDGV), etc. Sontsa in dupki - come in suntsa, closer to evening (Cl -P)

The night time of the day in the Cossack chronotope has a less detailed division than the daytime. Night time is determined most often by the crowing of roosters (kochet - on the Don) Dialectism kochet most often appears in Don dialects as a symbol of time and implements it in the semantics of stable phrases, the first kochet "midnight", the second kochet "about two o'clock in the morning", etc. To denote deep night, the main sign of which is complete silence, the absence of any sounds, the Cossacks have expressions - dull singing, night of the night, wolf midnight "late night" A wolf will not fall to cut ska-tina since evening, and waiting for silence is like a wolf's day (BTSDK 86)

The full period of working time from morning to evening dawn is recorded in the expressions from early to dusk, dawn will drive and

the dawn will drive away, from dark to dark “from dawn to dusk or all day”, etc. These expressions, on the one hand, are designations of a certain time period - a day or a whole day, on the other - they have such a characteristic of time as duration, which allows us to attribute them to the microfield “Abstract Time”

The role and significance of economic time in Cossack dialects is confirmed by the presence of lexemes and stable phrases naming time intervals within the working day. These include uzho "tka" "working part of the day", first team or first elastic "work time before breakfast", obedniyul "work time from breakfast to lunch", evening elastic "working time from lunch to afternoon tea" (BTSDK. 544), fourth elastic "working period from afternoon tea to darkness" the most difficult part is from afternoon tea and timnaty (SDGV)

After the day, the next most significant and traditional period in the time counting system is considered to be a period of seven days, or a week, which the Cossacks can call a week, which means a whole week. A m suboti yes suboti nyadelya nyadelskaya (BTSDK 317)

The names of time intervals from several days to a week make up the next segment of the JICM “Specific Time”. Almost all units of this segment are distinguished by an accurate indication of time, which allows them to be classified as the central zone of the DSP “Time”. In terms of the part-speak of dialectisms, adverbs and those formed from them are numerically predominant adjectives stratifying events one, two, three days ago yesterday" sika "yesterday", nadys "the other day, two or three days ago", onadas "several days ago" Nadys, anadys, nady - this is not long ago, days three prashlo (Bkn)

The Cossacks maintain a stable orientation towards lunar time (this tradition is a kind of reflection of the system of intra-monthly time counting). The moon acts as a kind of clock for the monthly time, and also serves as a kind of barometer, because folk tradition associates weather conditions, numerous signs, and timing with different phases of the moon. certain types of activities to certain lunar phases. This and doiai on the outcome or on the maladik And smear, and plant on the outcome mesitsa, kada he proceeds, small astaezza (BTSDK- 201) Mesits namaladu, fish la-vitsa nya wake up (SDGV). Emu are holy Diet, when the young man goes (BTSDK 285) On the Don - young" to the "young moon", young" "during the period when there is a new month in the sky", the end of the month "the period of the last

phases of the moon" The expression Cossack sun, which is common on the Don, emphasizes the importance of the Moon as a luminary

The names of the months in the Don dialect coincide with the literary names, only the month of February is recorded in the BTSDK as bokogrey Fivral-bakagrey, sunshine pripikait (BTSDK 49) The scarcity of the Cossack “monthly word” is explained, apparently, by the lack of sustainable traditions of agricultural activity, and therefore was eliminated and the need for practice-oriented month designations

The next semantic segment “Annual circle” is represented by numerous formations (nominal, adverbial, verbal, as well as set expressions) from the names of the seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter), which fill the central and peripheral zones of the LSM “Specific Time” Thus, temporal adverbs formed according to a single model with the help of the suffix -s, which is productive in dialects, giving the word the meaning of “relation to the past”, occupy the nuclear part of the field spring “s “last spring”, zi”mus “last winter”, le “tos 1)” last year", 2) "last summer", etc.

Most of the nominal formations from the same roots fill the peripheral zone of summer "harvest of the previous year", winter"x "young livestock that overwintered for the first time or appeared in winter", voleschi"ka "sheep's wool of spring shearing", autumn" on "earth, plowed in the fall" Zimnukh - this parasenak of the winter aparosa, which pirizimaval winter (SDGV) In the semantic structure of these dialecticisms, temporal semantics is expressed explicitly, explicitly, which allows them to be attributed to the near periphery of the field "Time"

The collected material allows us to speak about the perception of the calendar year, embodied in the Don dialect vocabulary, as a sequence of time periods corresponding to certain types of work, as well as the absence of such sevba" "sowing time", stubble" "time of harvesting bread, harvest time", mowing time " moss (bread, hay)", hot"vka, hot"vskaya puti" for "fishing time in the summer (July-August)", mud"zi "rainy time when it is impossible to carry out field work", wilderness" time “the time of year (usually late autumn, winter and early spring), when there is little economic activity”, etc. Kaseynaya couple from June and August, the most grain and hay to mow nada, shop ni piristayala (BTSDK 404)

A peculiarity of the naming of various “everyday” periods of time in the Don Cossack dialect can be considered the fact that its special

Certain periods of time are given a numerical name that are remarkable in some way and thereby stand out from the general time flow. Thus, for several weeks in May and August, the Cossacks call the well-known time “the time of appearance of gadflies, horseflies and other stinging insects.” A boring time in the summer happens , here this one baked food, and here the ovadas, the flies are hungry for thinness (BTSDK 325)

As the most frequent and, accordingly, productive semantic models of the formation of temporary lexemes and phrases that stratify events within the year, for a Cossack (and a resident of rural areas in general) we consider the following specific types of work or the absence thereof (stubble, deaf time), animal behavior , birds, insects (Spasovskaya nuda), weather characteristic of a certain time (dirt)

Closely intertwined with the concept of concrete, everyday time is another system of temporal concepts, which can be conventionally designated as abstract time. Abstract or abstract we consider dialect units that convey such qualitative characteristics of time as the duration (or length) of time (for all years, “forever, for a very long term"), repeatability of time (day at day "daily", e"zhelet "annually"), arbitrariness of time (not today tomorrow "in the near future, not today-tomorrow"), length of time (in the old days "long ago", khtonatkady"-ishiy "existing since time immemorial"), as well as such subjective assessments of time as spent usefully or uselessly (catching flies in the nostrils "wasting time"), the presence/absence of free time (before "code" "feeling a lack of time" , time is a whole concept of “a lot of free time”), the concept of on time/not on time (not at the hour “not on time”), etc.

Phraseologisms expressing temporary concepts of an abstract nature in dialects are mostly ugly stable combinations, variants of all-Russian (and all-Slavic) phraseological units. As part of their components, words are repeated that denote various time periods (century, life, year, summer), as well as the lexeme “time” " However, a considerable number of stable expressions of this nature have a figurative basis and, in their internal form, reflect events, situations, and ideas that are familiar in their everyday life. The sign of abstraction/concreteness of meaning in this case forms the basis for the distribution of phraseological units among the core-peripheral zones of the LSM “Abstract Time”. The more abstract the meaning of a stable phrase, the less complicated it will be with additional meanings and connotative shades, the closer

this unit belongs to the nuclear part of the field in recent years “recently, a few years ago”, from ancient times “for a long time” and under the Circumnuclear space belong stable combinations applicable to several situations, but in comparison with the first (nuclear) characterized by figurativeness and limited semantic valence on the fifth Friday in the year of Kasyanov is “very rare”, when to sleep, then drive “at the wrong time”, etc. Peripheral zones with varying degrees of distance from the center are occupied by expressions that indirectly contain an indication of the time and characterize a very specific life situation “keep in salting” don’t get married for a long time”, all the waiting lists went through “long waiting”, etc.

Some of the zones of the near and far periphery of the LSP “Time” are occupied by the microfield “Age”, which consists of names associated with age stratification. We are entitled to consider this formation as part of the field “Time” by the indisputable fact that the concept of age is close to the concept of time. Age divides life cycle (age) into separate stages A certain age reached by a person is a kind of certain moment of human life in time. In the seme composition of any unit that determines the age level, a temporary seme is present as a differentiating or potential one and has there, as noted by S M Belyakova, “very high rank”1

We limited ourselves to the analysis of units that nominate the age stages of humans and domestic animals. In the “Age” microfield, names with a transparent internal form are distinguished, formed from units of time (year-old "child or animal aged one year") and counting (third "horse") , which is in its third year") Most of the units that nominate the age of domestic animals and birds are devoid of an evaluative component, and it is they who formed the core of the LSM. Names in which, in addition to age semantics, evaluation and emotions are present, are more typical for characterizing a person (ripe "about a mature person", green kuga" "about a young, inexperienced person"), they also fill the perinuclear space and peripheral zones of the microfield

The lifestyle and priority values ​​of the Cossacks were also reflected in the vocabulary nominating the age stages of humans and animals. Thus, military training imposed a certain

1 Belyakova, SM The image of time in the dialect picture of the world based on the vocabulary and phraseology of Russian old-timer dialects in the south of the Tyumen region abstract of thesis by Dr. Philol. Sciences / SM Belyakova - Ekaterinburg, 2005 - 41 p.

imprint on the peculiarities of perception of the surrounding world, formed a special system of comparisons or metaphors, and the close attention that the Cossacks always gave to the horse - a faithful friend and ally of the Cossack in military campaigns, was indirectly reflected in the semantics of expressions used in relation to a child and an adult (stand "go"pki "start to stand on your legs", cut the pu"you"make a symbolic gesture of cutting the bonds at the legs of the baby who has walked for the first time"), etc.

The third chapter, “The microfield of “Ritual Time” and its pragmatic potential,” examines units of ritual time, analyzes their ethnocultural specificity and pragmatic capabilities

The concept of “ritual time” includes the following characteristic: it is time that stands out from the everyday, everyday flow of time by its marking, special significance for the speaker of the dialect. The units of ritual time are the names of time periods of different durations, names of fasts, holidays (georthonyms), etc.

In the Don dialect, a year can be distinguished as the largest unit of time, in a certain way connected with a given (ritual) behavior of a person. Among these names, only one year is recorded: Kasya and “leap year” (BTSDK. 211). According to Cossack belief, it is this year that various natural and social disasters occur: drought, floods, crop failure, famine, war. This year they try not to celebrate weddings and housewarming This expression and others like it gravitate toward nomenclature-terminological names and are therefore characterized by erased imagery and, accordingly, reduced expressive capabilities. Their main function is nominative. However, behind each of them there is a whole story, legend, parable, concisely presented in a stable circulation Many of these ritual expressions, as well as stable combinations of words that convey folk signs, give the speakers of the dialect a certain traditional type of behavior that has developed over centuries - this is their pragmatic strength

The next largest ritual time is several weeks and a week. Most often, this is a time of fasting, which the Cossacks, as believers, strictly observe. The most significant, most strict and longest in time is Lent, each week of which (and some days) has its own meaning, and some weeks have its own special name. For example, after three and a half weeks (i.e.

in the fourth week) the fast is broken - the first half of the fast passes. The week in which the fast is broken is called by the Cossacks the ser-dokhre"snya week (serdokrest"stye) and is considered ritually significant. This week they baked “crosses” and several of them were stored until the start of plowing When fasting, we pirilamashya, make crosses, and di~ tishki make them (N-Cher) When going to the field, they took “crosses” with them and put them in the corners on the tithe - for the harvest, they made crosses, carried them to the field, so that the harvest was good (Zimn).

In addition to fasting, there are other periods of time marked with special significance, pragmatically charged. These are periods of time in the winter - the days from Christmas to Epiphany, i.e. Christmastide (Holy Evenings), and in the summer - after Trinity - Green Christmastide, or mermaid week. They are marked by a certain parallelism. both times are perceived by speakers of the dialect as unclean, bad (cf. another name for the week after Trinity - obscene week (Dbv))

The next unit of ritual time is the day. Most often it is a religious holiday or a day named after a particular saint. Such days also have their own permissive and prohibitive regulations. Usually, it is forbidden to work on a religious holiday, and on some holidays a ban is imposed on work or actions of a certain type. So , you can’t work at all on the Annunciation, but you especially shouldn’t disturb the earth. On Elijah’s day, it is not recommended to work in the field, otherwise Elijah the Prophet will burn the crops with lightning. On Ivan Lenten, they don’t bake round pies, don’t cut anything with a knife that has a round or oval shape ( watermelon, pumpkin, cabbage) On this day, God forbid, cook cabbage soup with cabbage ■- ani f picenka privratyatstsa (Chig) As follows from the examples, each of these names accumulates a whole legend or parable and, accordingly, implies an indication of a certain type behavior in which a person tries to do what is required

Signs are associated with many religious holidays, based on observations of rural residents of the life of nature and plants, in particular Pršiol visenniy Altea - start growing beds (Nag) “Ilya the Great, curl up the forks!” Winter cabbage naninait zalazhyvatstsa with etava vremini (i.e. curl into forks) (Major) If you wake up the Maros on Soraki, then let the Ftarov May say nothing - there will be halada (Pgch), etc.

Some days of the week are marked in the Cossack calendar. For example, Tuesday in St. Thomas week (the week after Easter) is the main

the second memorial day of the year, which received the name Nav-skaya day on the Don (from the church-slav nav, nave-dead, dead, therefore, the day of remembrance of the dead), Parents' day, Parents, because they remember deceased parents on this day

Some parts of the day and night also have ritual semantics, for example, evening and morning, which is reflected in the names of these periods of time, for example, a generous evening “New Year’s Eve” F a generous evening defki and guys go around singing songs, shchidra-yu, and people give them sweets, gingerbread (BTSDK 74), a cheerful morning “the morning of the second wedding day,” which is full of all kinds of ritual actions.

In the popular imagination, periods of time that are usually equal to several hours and sometimes minutes, for example, dawn, have ritual significance. Thus, it was at the junction of night and early morning, i.e. at dawn, that various types of healing actions, as well as conspiracies, were usually carried out , sentences, removal of damage, etc. The stable expression “very early (about morning)” and the Cossack mythological character-milker, taking milk from cows at dawn, emphasize the “magical” nature of dawn time

The distribution of nuclear and peripheral elements in the microfield “Ritual Time” is carried out by us as follows. Thus, we attribute the actual names of marked days and periods to the central zone of the microfield, but we consider as nuclear only those of them that are widespread in the territory of all Don dialects, as well as in many other Russian dialects - Alyosha - streams from the mountains - “St. Alexei’s day” " (Klet, Pgch, P.-Cher, Sem., Chig, etc.), Verbokhlyost "Palm Week and Palm Sunday" or the church "The Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem" Verbakhlest-bey da sles (Al), Dbv, Mich., N Yabl, Prlz, Chrk

Near the nuclear space is occupied by names recorded in certain areas of the former Region of the Don Army: green week, “the week before Trinity” (Bub), Koto’s holiday, “the patronal holiday in the Kotovsky farm, Uryupinsky district, Volgograd region” (Kot)

The near periphery is filled with the names of celebrations and ritual actions carried out by people as needed (christenings, weddings, funerals): Rodi"ny "celebration dedicated to the birth of a child" (Kln.); brew porridge "celebrate the birthday of a child who has turned one year old" (dbv)

The zone of the far periphery is formed by the names of ritual actions and games dedicated to certain holidays or celebrations.

gestures, signs, the actual ritual vocabulary and phraseology that nominate different stages of the celebrated festival or celebration Ovsenka click “a type of caroling ritual” (Tpk.), roll eggs “game of eggs for Easter” Eggs were diced and rolled, such a game for Paska (Klet. ).

Finally, to the extreme periphery we include the names of food and dishes that the Cossacks prepare only during certain periods of time (Lent) or on certain holidays, for example, dry cabbage soup “lenten cabbage soup, which was cooked during Lent” (Kl-P); crosses “baked dough products in the shape of crosses during the week of the cross” (N-tsar).

The names of holidays and ritual periods in Cossack culture largely correspond to Russian popular names, but in a number of nominations they have their own specifics. They are designated by both single lexemes and compound names. In a number of names, one can note the presence of numerous phonetic and word-formation variants, which are due to attempts to restore the internal form of words whose etymology is obscured

Semantic analysis of names made it possible to identify the main motivational features that formed the basis of geortonyms. These are the following:

The object of veneration, which is often a Christian saint or saint (Peter and Paul Day, “the day of the Apostles Peter and Paul”), but also any other character who enjoys special honor among the people (Babka’s Day, “the day of thanksgiving for midwives”),

An action carried out precisely on this day: Willow Whip “Palm Sunday” - beating each other and domestic animals with a willow twig in order to impart health and strength; Ivan the Herbalist “Ivan Kupala” “is a collection of medicinal herbs on Kupala night, which, if collected on this particular night, are endowed with special healing properties,

Season Anna Winter (December 9/22), Summer Sergius (July 18), Oseni"ny "holiday of welcoming autumn",

Signs Nicholas with Judas "Nicholas the Wonderworker" 4 - from about this time nuda appear - small biting and stinging insects; Yagoriy with grass "St. George's Day"<- начало мая, период роста трав,

Color, quality motley week “meat-eater week with fasting days on Wednesday and Friday” * - metaphor for color, formidable holiday “day or holiday on which it is forbidden to work”<- в случае несоблю-

By observing the ban, a person risks incurring the wrath of the saint whose memory is honored on this day."

The wedding and funeral rites of the Cossacks have their own clear temporal organization. Lexical-phraseological-logical means that nominate the main moments of the wedding and funeral in time belong to the near periphery of the LSM “Ritual Time”. These linguistic units express temporal semantics in different ways. In some of them, significantly the meaning of temporary attachment is palpable (the day before the wedding), in other words and expressions the semantics of time is not expressed explicitly, but through specific images (pouring the barn, “a ritual of the symbolic end of the wedding”) Set expressions vary in figurative characteristics, expressive capabilities and degree semantic unity. Almost all of them are devoid of evaluation and perform a nominative function in the dialect

At the conclusion of the dissertation, the results of the study are summed up and conclusions are drawn. As the study has shown, the LSP “Time” in the dialect of the Don Cossacks has all the signs of a hierarchically organized field structure and is characterized by ethno-linguocultural features determined by the actual linguistic and historical and cultural factors of the formation and functioning of the Cossacks as a special subethnic group of the Russian people

The main provisions of the dissertation research are reflected in the following publications:

Articles in journals included in the Higher Attestation Commission list

1 Lalaeva, D.I. Dialect names of units of time and their ethnocultural markings (based on the material of the Don Cossack dialect) / D. I. Lalaeva // Izv. Volgogr. State Pedagogical University Ser Philological Sciences - 2007 - No. 2 (20) - P 85-89 (0.3 p l).

Articles and abstracts in collections of scientific conference materials

2 Lalaeva, D I Everyday vocabulary and phrasemics of time in the Don Cossack dialects / D I Lalaeva // Questions of local history, materials of the XV and XVI local history readings. - Volgograd - Publishing house "Panorama", 2005 - Issue 9 - P 153-156 (0.3 pp.).

3 Lalaeva, D I Lexis and phrasemics of ritual time (based on the material of the Don Cossack dialects of the Volgograd region) / D I Lalaeva // National-cultural component in the text and language of the mother

ala report III International scientific conference under the auspices of MAPRYAL Minsk, April 7-9, 2005 VZch - Minsk MSLU, 2005 - Part 2 - P 241-242 (0.1 p. l)

4. Lalaeva, D I Designations of units of time in the Don Cossack dialects / D I Lalaeva // Problems of studying the living Russian word at the turn of the millennium materials of the III All-Russian scientific-practical conference - Voronezh VSPU, 2005 - Part III - P 80-85 (0, 4 p l)

5. Lalaeva, D.I. Functioning of nominative units with temporal semantics in the Cossack dialects of the Don / D.I. Lalaeva // Language and society in synchrony and diachrony, tr. and materials of the International Scientific Conference, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of Prof. L.I. Barannikova - Saratov - Scientific. book, 2005 - P 189-191 (0.2 pp.).

6. Lalaeva, D I Phraseological field “Time” in the dialect of the Don Cossacks / D I Lalaeva // X regional conference of young researchers of the Volgograd region, Volgograd, November 8-10

2005: abstract of the report - Ex. 13 “Philology” - Volgograd Change,

2006 -С 111-112 (0.1 p. l.)

7 Lalaeva, D I Lexico-phraseological field “Time” in the dialect of the Don Cossacks and its ethnocultural originality / D I Lalaeva // Philological search, scientific collection / responsible editor G I Strepetova - Volgograd - Peremena, 2006 - Issue 5 - S 38-46 (0.6 p l)

8. Lalaeva, D I Names of calendar holidays and ritual periods in the dialect of the Don Cossacks (based on dialectological expeditions to the Kotelnikovsky and Uryupinsky districts of the Volgograd region - 2005, 2006) / D I Lalaeva // Regional vocabulary in the historical and cultural aspect materials between -university dialect of readings Arzamas November 23-25, 2006 - Arzamas State Pedagogical Institute,

2007 -С 135-142 (0.5 p. l)

9 Lalaeva, D I Nominations of wedding time (based on the material of Cossack dialects of the Volgograd region) / D. I Lalaeva // Questions of local history, materials of local history, readings Issue 10 - Volgogr regional local history museum [and others] - Volgograd - Publishing house "Panorama" ", 2007 - C 294-297 (0.3 pp.)

10. Lalaeva, D I Dialectal designations of age (based on the material of Don Cossack dialects) / D I Lalaeva // Russian literature in the context of modern integration processes, materials of the Second International Scientific Conference in Volgograd, April 24-26, 2007; in 2 vols. - Volgograd - VolSU Publishing House, 2007 - T 1 - P 274-279 (0.4 p l)

JIALAEVA Diana Igorevna

LEXICAL-SEMANTIC FIELD “TIME” IN THE DON COSSACK DIALECT ETHNOLINGUOCULTUROLOGICAL ASPECT OF RESEARCH

Subscribed for publication on 08/30/2007 Format 60x84/16 Print office Boom Typeface Times Uel print l 1.4 Uch-izd l 1.5 Circulation! 10 copies Order

VSPU Publishing House "Peremena" Printing house of the publishing house "Peremena" 400131, Volgograd, V. I. Lenin Ave., 27

CHAPTER 1. TIME CONTINUUM OF COSSACK TALKS AS

FIELD STRUCTURE.

1.1. The question of field structures in the language system.

1. 2. Nuclear-peripheral relations in the LSP “Time”.

1. 3. The space of the extreme periphery of the LSP “Time”.

1. 4. Structural and semantic features of the constituents of the LSP

1.5. Historical and cultural factors that determined the idioethnic originality of the temporal vocabulary and phrasemics of Cossack dialects.

1. 6. Conclusions.

CHAPTER 2. SENSIBLE OPPOSITION CONCRETE - ABSTRACT TIME.

2. 1. Microfield “Specific time”.

2. 1. 1. Daily cycle.

2.1. 1. 1. Expression of daily time using single lexemes.

2. 1. 1.2. Expressing daily time using stable combinations.

2. 1.2. Units of time in terms of week and month.

2. 1.3. Annual circle.

2. 2. Microfield “Abstract time”.

2. 3. Microfield “Age”.

2. 4. Conclusions.

CHAPTER 3. MICROPOLIE “RITUAL TIME” AND ITS

PRAGMATIC POTENTIAL.

3.1. Ritual time as a form of implementation of the cyclic model.

3. 2. Cossack folk calendar as a form of broadcasting ritual time.

3.3. Basic units of ritual time and their pragmatic properties.

3. 4. Temporal organization of the wedding ceremony.

3. 5. Temporal organization of funeral and memorial rites.

3. 6. Conclusions.

Introduction of the dissertation 2007, abstract on philology, Lalaeva, Diana Igorevna

In linguistics at the beginning of the 21st century, one of the main issues is the relationship between language and culture. Modern science of language is actively developing directions in which language is considered as a “cultural code of a nation.” Researchers note that language is the main custodian and carrier of ethnocultural information, the exponent of a certain national mentality. Language records the historical past of a nation, way of life, traditions, customs of people, national-cultural identity of character and unique psychology of the people, value priorities and originality of spiritual life (Maslova 2001: 9; Telia 1996: 235).

Based on this understanding of the relationship between language and culture at the end of the 20th century. A new scientific direction has emerged and is actively developing - linguoculturology, the object of which is the interaction of language, which acts as a translator of cultural information, and culture as the historical memory of the people. Ethnolinguistics, the subject of which is language in its relationship with ethnicity, the place and role of language in society, is closely related to linguoculturology.

In the aspect of linguoculturology and ethnolinguistics, the worldview of a people at each synchronous section of its history is not homogeneous: the cultural-national palette is characterized by a multiplicity of attitudes, understanding of similar situations or phenomena from different positions, so that speakers of any language focus on different aspects of situations or different hypostases of the phenomenon. Stereotypes, as a rule, do not belong to the entire people as a whole, but to some of their social and dialect groups. Therefore, modern linguistics studies not only the features of the linguistic reflection of the world by large groups - a nation, people, ethnic group, but also a territorially limited society, and there is already experience in describing and modeling the linguistic picture of the world on lexical dialect material.

Thus, research in regional linguistics has also become the focus of new scientific paradigms. The increased attention of scientists in recent years to the problems of the development and functioning of folk dialects is largely due to the awareness of their importance as guardians of the uniqueness of national linguistic pictures of the world and the significant contribution of dialects to national speech cultures (Goldin 1997: 3).

According to E.V. Brysina, a territorial dialect is a means of communication between the population of a historically established region with specific ethnographic features and serves as a universal form of accumulation and transmission of the ethnocultural originality of the linguistic picture of the world of dialect speakers, which manifests itself, first of all, at its lexical and phraseological level (Brysina 20036: 6).

Each ethnic group differs only in its inherent ways of perceiving the surrounding reality, which are formed on the basis of its own practical exploration of the world, relying on traditions and customs, taking into account cultural attitudes and the specifics of ethnic consciousness. And one of the most important components of ethnic consciousness is the people’s ideas about time. They reflect not only the biological rhythms of the life of an ethnic group, but also the stages of its cultural development, the pace of its evolutionary movement. In the ways of perception and awareness of time, many cultural stereotypes are revealed, reflecting common features in the vision of the world by representatives of one or another ethnic group (Dmitryuk 2000: 208).

According to A.Ya. Gurevich, time, along with such significant concepts as space, reason, being, fate, etc., belongs to the defining categories of human consciousness, which in each individual culture are interconnected and form a “model of the world” - a kind of “coordinate grid” , through which people perceive reality and build an image of the world that exists in their minds. A person is not born with a sense of time; his temporal and spatial concepts are always determined by the culture to which he belongs” (Gurevich 1969: 105). Consequently, we can talk about the ethnic uniqueness of the perception of time by representatives of a particular society.

Temporal semantics is presented in the Russian language as a complex interaction of grammatical and lexical means, and the latter are of particular interest today as a building material that forms a temporal fragment of the linguistic picture of the world. Many aspects associated with linguistic means of expressing temporality have long attracted the attention of linguists. Thus, in a number of works of an etymological nature, the origin of individual temporary lexemes is traced (V.F. Zhitnikov, V.V. Kolesov, M. Vasmer, P.Ya. Chernykh, N.M. Shansky, etc.). From the point of view of the systemic organization of vocabulary, temporary lexemes were considered in the works of M.V. Vsevolodova, D.G. Ishchuk, V.V. Morkovkina, G.S. Shchura and others. Finally, in a number of works, temporal lexemes are considered as significant components of the linguistic picture of the world, the peculiarities of the perception of time by the Russian linguistic consciousness, the functional features of temporal words, etc. are studied. These are the works of J1.P. Akhmerova, A.A. Zaliznyak, J1.H. Mikheeva, N.I. Tolstoy, S.M. Tolstoy, A.D. Shmeleva, E.S. Yakovleva and others.

Dialectal linguistic means of expressing temporality are of interest to dialectologists. Structural and semantic features of dialect lexemes and phrasemes, methods of verbalizing time in a dialect, time models existing in dialects, etc. are considered in the works of S.M. Belyakova, E.V. Brysina, L.I. Ivashko, M.M. Kondratenko, I.A. Podyukova, S.A. Tsapenko and others.

The study of the most significant fragments of the linguistic picture of the world of dialect speakers, in particular that fragment of it that is associated with the perception of time, seems relevant, as it contributes to the comprehension of the ethnocultural specifics of dialect vocabulary and phrasemics, the semantics of which reflects the worldview of the Cossack subethnic group.

In addition to the great interest of linguist scientists in modeling linguistic pictures of the world or individual fragments of these pictures, studying the specifics of a linguistic personality, linguistic consciousness, etc., questions of the systemic organization of language remain relevant. The problem of systematic organization of vocabulary is also significant at the present stage of development of linguistics. The objective existence of the lexical-semantic system of language is recognized by most scientists, however, vocabulary as a fairly integral and organized system in a certain way requires further description. One of the possible ways to study the systemic connections of lexical units, according to researchers, is to isolate semantic fields and determine their semantic structure (Krivchenko 1973: 99). This study makes an attempt to comprehensively describe a temporary fragment of dialect linguistic reality in systemic (namely, field) and ethnolinguocultural aspects.

The above factors determine the relevance of the dissertation research.

The object of our research is the Don dialect vocabulary and phrasemics, reflecting the Cossacks’ ideas about time.

The subject of the study is the ethnocultural content and originality of lexical and phraseological means of expressing temporality.

The work is based on the following hypothesis: the linguistic means of expressing the category of temporality in the Cossack dialects of the Don have an ethnocultural originality, which is determined by both linguistic and extralinguistic factors and finds special expression in the Don dialect vocabulary and phrasemics.

Purpose of the work: to identify the ethnolinguocultural features of the lexical-semantic field “Time” in the Don Cossack dialect.

In connection with this goal, the following tasks are solved:

1) develop a field model of the temporal space of Don Cossack dialects;

2) identify nuclear-peripheral relations constituting the lexical-semantic field “Time”;

3) determine the structural and semantic features of the analyzed group of linguistic units;

4) identify the main historical and cultural factors that determined the idioethnic originality of the constituents of the modeled field;

5) identify the ethnocultural uniqueness of Cossack dialect vocabulary and phrasemics associated with the perception of time; pragmatic potential of units of time.

The methodological basis of the study is linguo-philosophical provisions on the interaction of language and culture; the postulate about the relative social determination of language; general linguistic principles of the systemic and structural organization of language and units of the language system. The theoretical basis of the study is represented by fundamental works in the field of linguoculturology (Yu. D. Apresyan, A. D. Arutyunova, A. Vezhbitskaya, V. A. Maslova, Y. S. Stepanova, V. N. Teliya, etc.), ethnolinguistics ( N.I. Tolstoy, S.M. Tolstoy, M.M. Kopylenko and others), linguistic picture of the world (S.M. Belyakova, I.B. Levontina, J.I.H. Mikheeva, N.I. Tolstoy, A.D. Shmeleva, E.S. Yakovleva, etc.), the doctrine of dialect as a territorial variety of a language and the repository of its history, developed in the works of R.I. Avanesova, L.I. Barannikova, V.E. Goldina, L.L. Kasatkina, R.I. Kudryashova, L.M. Orlova and others, ideas of thematic, lexical-semantic, ideographic grouping of vocabulary developed by L.M. Vasiliev, Yu.N. Karaulov, G.S. Shchur and others.

The implementation of the assigned tasks was carried out using the following methods and techniques: a) a descriptive method with techniques of observation, interpretation and classification of the material being studied; b) the method of ethnolinguocultural analysis developed by E.V. Brysina and presupposing a scientific interpretation of linguistic material based on the explication of information on history, culture, and data on the social organization of the corresponding subethnic group; dialectography techniques (collection, processing and linguistic interpretation of dialect material based on research intuition); c) elements of the method of component analysis (comparison of dictionary definitions, isolation of integral and differential semes), with the help of which common semantic components were established between the field name and specific units, and the distribution of nuclear and peripheral constituents of the field was carried out; d) the use of quantitative calculations, which makes it possible to clarify the relationship between different types of lexical dialectisms and types of phraseolex in the composition of set expressions.

The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the fact that it was the first to carry out a comprehensive ethnolinguocultural analysis of the temporal vocabulary and phrasemics of Don Cossack dialects, presented in the form of a lexical-semantic field, and also described the structure and properties of the elements of the “Time” field, identifying its ethnolinguocultural features.

The theoretical significance of the study lies in the fact that it makes a certain contribution to the development of the problem of ethnolinguistic description of lexical-semantic fields in general and the lexical-semantic field “Time” in particular. Such an analysis allows us to characterize the vocabulary of any fragment of reality, taking into account both systemic and ethnolinguocultural approaches, and therefore describe it taking into account the entire volume of information.

The practical value of the dissertation lies in the possibility of using the results of the work in the practice of teaching Russian dialectology, courses in linguoculturology and ethnolinguistics, when teaching special courses on the ethnocultural uniqueness of dialect vocabulary and phrasemics, in compiling dialect dictionaries and a dictionary of the spiritual culture of the Don Cossacks.

The research sources are:

Dialect dictionaries: Dictionary of Russian Don dialects (first edition - 1975-1976, second edition (1 volume) - 1991), Large explanatory dictionary of the Don Cossacks (M., 2003), card index of the Dictionary of Don dialects of the Volgograd region ( SDGV), located at the Department of General and Slavic-Russian Linguistics of the Volgograd State Pedagogical University (VSPU);

Works of local writers - A.S. Serafimovich, B.P. Ekimova, E.A. Kulkina, and others, reflecting the history and life of the Don Cossacks.

The material for the analysis was the author's card index, which included 1118 units of temporal vocabulary and phraseemics of Don dialects, collected by continuous sampling from the indicated sources. In the concept of temporal vocabulary and phrasemics, we include words and phrases with a temporal meaning (chrononyms), as well as names associated with age stratification. Due to the fact that one of our tasks is to model the lexical-semantic field “Time”, for the completeness of the study we used dialect units in the semantic structure of which the meaning of temporal reference is expressed by one of the differential or potential semes, i.e. which are not actual symbols of time.

Provisions for defense:

1. Dialectal designations of time can be constructed into a field model - the lexical-semantic field “Time”, which is represented by a set of units interconnected by semantic commonality and structural relationships. According to its structural and semantic organization, the field “Time” claims to be a macrofield and is represented by a number of microfields, or functional-semantic zones, the constituents of which reflect different hypostases of the perception of time. As part of the “Time” field, we consider the following microfields: “Concrete time”, “Abstract time”, “Ritual time”, “Age, or Life time”.

2. Within microfields, nuclear, perinuclear and peripheral elements are distinguished. Nuclear elements include units that are direct designations of time, the semantics of which is not complicated by any additional meanings. The perinuclear space is filled with units, in the semantic structure of which the temporal seme is the nuclear one, but there are also some connotative semes. The zone of the near periphery consists of units that indirectly or indirectly contain an indication of time, expressed explicitly, and a temporal seme as one of the differential ones. The far periphery is formed by units in which the indication of time is represented by one of the differential semes, but is expressed implicitly. In the extreme periphery there are elements that, in their nuclear semantics, belong to other lexical-semantic fields, but contain the seme “time” as a potential or peripheral element.

3. To express temporal semantics in the Don dialects, literary, vernacular and dialect language means are used; Among the latter, a certain part consists of interdialectal vocabulary and phrasemics. Lexical dialectisms are represented by different types. Most dialectisms have a transparent internal form and are structurally and semantically motivated.

The Cossacks' ideas about time were reflected in different forms in the semantics of set expressions. Some set expressions denote time itself; the basis of other stable phrases was the names of everyday objects and phenomena, associatively reflecting concepts of time; a significant number of units containing temporal lexemes serve to express non-temporal concepts.

Ethnocultural information is presented in the semantics of dialect phraseological units both explicitly and implicitly.

4. The idioethnic originality of the Don temporal vocabulary and phrasemics is largely determined by the historical and cultural factors of the formation and functioning of the Cossack subethnic group: the leading role of the military activities of the Cossacks; the interruption of the cultural traditions of the Slavic ancestors, in particular, the secondary importance of agricultural labor in the initial stages of the formation of the Cossack subethnic group; the heterogeneity of Cossack dialects in general, as well as temporal vocabulary and phrasemics in particular.

5. The ethnocultural originality of temporal vocabulary and phrasemics manifests itself primarily at the semantic level and is reflected in the non-traditional and non-standard images (from the position of a native speaker of the literary language) that formed the basis of names, and the nature of metaphors. Ethnocultural content is possessed by those dialectal temporal units, in the semantics of which the peculiarities of the formation, development and life activity of the Cossack subethnic group are reflected. Culturally marked, first of all, are the actual dialect vocabulary and phraseology, ritual dialect units, and geortonyms.

Approbation of work. The main provisions and results of the study were discussed at regional scientific and practical conferences on local history (Volgograd, February 2005, 2006); at conferences of young researchers at Volgograd State Pedagogical University (VSPU, November 2004, 2005); at the III International Scientific Conference “National-cultural component in text and language” (Minsk, April 2005); at the III All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference “Problems of studying the living Russian word at the turn of the millennium” (Voronezh, October 2005); at the International Scientific Conference “Language and Society in Synchrony and Diachrony”, dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of prof. JI. I. Barannikova (Saratov, November

2005); at the interuniversity dialectological readings “Regional vocabulary in the historical and cultural aspect” (Arzamas, November 2006); at the Second International Scientific Conference “Russian Literature in the Context of Modern Integration Processes” (Volgograd, April 2007) and were reflected in 9 articles and abstracts of one report.

Work structure. In accordance with the genre, the dissertation consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references, a list of dictionaries and text sources, a list of settlements in which information was collected, and an appendix.

Conclusion of scientific work dissertation on the topic "Lexico-semantic field "Time" in the Don Cossack dialect"

1. The Cossacks’ ideas about time combine its different characteristics, but the most relevant for speakers of dialects, as residents of rural areas, is the cyclical model of time associated with the life of nature and agricultural activities. It is used for weather monitoring and various seasonal work; Moreover, it plays an important role in organizing the annual time. There is a certain isomorphism in the Cossacks’ perception of the daily and annual cycles, which is also due to the fact that ideas of cyclicity occupy a large place in the human mind.

2. A clear expression of the cyclic model is the Cossack agricultural calendar, which generally inherits the traditions of the original Russian folk calendar, but also has its own characteristics caused by the specific conditions of the formation of the Cossack subethnic group. Thus, in the conditions of the breakdown of the agricultural cultural tradition in the Cossack calendar, the days (and, accordingly, their names) that marked the start and end of the main agricultural work were unclaimed.

3. The concept of ritual time includes the following characteristic - it is time that stands out from the everyday flow of time by its marking, special significance for the speaker of the dialect (the time of holidays, fasts and other significant periods of varying duration). Highlighting this aspect of time implies the existence of a potential semantic opposition between ritual and everyday life. The units of ritual time are segments of different durations: these are very small intervals at morning and evening dawn; most often a day coinciding with some holiday; periods of fasting; the period of time from Christmas to Epiphany and the week after Trinity; leap year. All units of ritual time have pragmatic properties, since they set a person a certain type of behavior, which involves the fulfillment of formulaic instructions (beating a willow twig in the Willow Whip), all kinds of restrictions and prohibitions, etc.

The microfield “Ritual Time” considered as part of the LSP “Time” has its own field organization, contains nuclear and peripheral elements represented by the semantics of both the actual units of time and units that are indirectly related to time. The total number of constituents of the microfield “Ritual Time” is 256 units, which amounted to 23% of the total number of units of the LSP “Time”; the core and perinuclear part contain 127 units, 129 units are located on the periphery.

4. Wedding and funeral rites of the Cossacks have their own clear temporal organization. Lexico-phraseological means that nominate the main moments of a wedding and funeral in time belong to the near periphery of the LSM “Ritual Time” and form within it two independent functional-semantic zones, within which their own field hierarchy is possible. These linguistic units express temporal semantics in different ways. In some of them the significance of temporary attachment is significantly felt; in other words and expressions, the semantics of time is not expressed explicitly, but through specific images; some units serve as designations of ritual actions taking place at one time or another at a wedding or funeral, and therefore contain only a hint of time. Set expressions vary in figurative characteristics, expressive capabilities and degree of semantic unity. Almost all of them are devoid of evaluative meaning and perform a nominative function in the dialect.

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Introduction to the work

Relevance The work is determined, first of all, by the need for a comprehensive study of temporal semantics, which is one of the most important and complex aspects of the linguistic picture of the world and the modeling of which is associated with many debatable issues. In addition, a comparative perspective on the problem in two developed linguistic and cultural systems helps to resolve a number of issues related to the effectiveness of different types of practical activities (language teaching, compilation of dictionaries, improving translation, increasing the level of mutual understanding of peoples).

Theoretical basis of the study were based on the works of domestic and foreign scientists in such areas as the theory of lexical semantics and lexicography (Yu. D. Apresyan, L. G. Babenko, B. Yu. Gorodetsky, F. Dornzayf, Yu. N. Karaulov, H. Casares, I M. Kobozeva, R. del Moral, V. V. Morkovkin, P. M. Roger, A. D. Shmelev, etc.), linguocultural approach and theory of intercultural communication (L. Boroditsky, O. A. Kornilov, F. Marcos-Marin, A. de Miguel, Yu. S. Stepanov, B. Whorf, E. Hall, K. Hammond, etc.). The work was also based on cognitive results (J. Lakoff, R. Nunez,

G. Radden, V. Evans, etc.) and psycholinguistic (S. V. Dmitryuk, A. A. Zalevskaya, D. Casasanto, D. Slobin, B. Tversky, etc.) studies.

One of the significant trends in modern scientific development is the integration of various fields of knowledge. The study of temporal semantics is also impossible without an interdisciplinary approach, since time - the basic category of human existence and consciousness - must be considered from the point of view of a hierarchy of deeply interconnected temporalities. Thus, relevant for us is the coverage of the problem of time in the works of philosophers, psychologists, anthropologists, as well as (albeit to a lesser extent) in natural science research.

Object research are multi-level units

temporal thesaurus of the Spanish and Russian languages ​​(words and clichéd constructions built on their basis).

Subject of study– patterns of structural organization of the semantic field TIME and functional patterns of the processes of its use (in the aspect of intercultural communication).

Target research - to determine both general and nationally specific features of the temporal thesaurus in the Spanish and Russian languages ​​and to identify the communicative mechanisms of the functioning of its units.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

characterize the basic methodological principles of scientific research into the category of time and various approaches to it in linguistics and related sciences;

characterize the main temporal models that form the image of time in the minds of speakers of different languages ​​and cultures;

analyze ways of structuring the lexical-semantic area of ​​time in existing ideographic dictionaries of the Spanish and Russian languages;

highlight the main semantic microfields as an empirical basis for research and select key temporal lexical units in them;

build an interpretation of the selected vocabulary that is optimal for the goal based on a critical analysis of dictionary definitions and component analysis of meanings;

analyze patterns of intercultural communication from the point of view of similarities and differences in the organization of ideas about the temporal picture of the world, as well as identify and classify typical clichéd constructions with temporal vocabulary;

identify and classify communicative difficulties for Russian speakers associated with the Spanish vocabulary of time; analyze their sources from the point of view of verbalization and understanding of the communicative intent.

Hypothesis research is that pragmasemantics
temporal lexical units of Russian and Spanish languages ​​in a number of aspects
characterized by both general (often universal) features and
nationally specific features that cause difficulties
of different order in intercultural communication. The relationship between the dictionary and
discourse can be explained on the basis of a little-studied phenomenon

clichéd constructions, the study of which is also of undoubted practical interest.

Methodology This study is based on the concept of semantic fields and thesauri as tools for linguistic modeling of the world, as well as on the theory of intercultural communication, which examines the actualization of the studied semantic units in the discourse of two languages. To solve these problems, the potential of corpus linguistics is involved, and also methods comparative semantics, formal logic, component analysis of meanings, ideographic

classification of vocabulary, pragmatic modeling, selective survey of native Spanish speakers.

Scientific novelty The results of the study are determined by insufficient study of the semantic structure of the temporal thesaurus in comparative terms and its communicative properties at the intercultural level. In work for the first time:

the dual nature of the category “thesaurus” is considered (the objectively existing organization of vocabulary in linguistic memory and, on the other hand, its reflection in specialized dictionaries);

a definition of a temporal thesaurus is given in order to remove contradictions in the comparative analysis of the content of the semantic fields TIME / TGEMRO;

the semantic structure of the temporal thesaurus in two languages ​​is modeled using clichéd constructions as a special tool for the pragmasemantic organization of vocabulary;

a comparative analysis of lexical temporality in the worldviews of these languages ​​is carried out from the point of view of intercultural communication;

a classification of communicative difficulties associated with the actualization in speech of units of the Spanish temporal thesaurus by native speakers of the Russian language is given.

Theoretical significance The work is determined by its contribution to the improvement of lexicography, especially the ideographic type, to the development of the theory of communicative effectiveness of the dictionary, as well as to the development of research into culturally significant semantic fields in the languages ​​of the world. The lexical processing procedures presented in the study can be applied to other semantic fields.

Practical value The research is due to the applicability of its results to such areas of linguistic practice as the training of translators, the creation of educational dictionaries and teaching aids, the development of intercultural contacts and mutual understanding between peoples. Conclusions and

the dissertation materials can be used in preparing lectures on semantics and typology of languages.

Credibility The results of the study are ensured, first of all, by the representativeness of the analyzed material and a careful approach to its selection.

Actually linguistic material The dissertation is based on temporal vocabulary, reflected with the help of developed metalinguistic means of modern lexicography in various dictionaries of two languages ​​(including English) - about 6.5 thousand words and 2.5 thousand clichéd constructions.

Source speech material are the Spanish text corpora Corpus del Espaol, Corpus de Referencia del Espaol Actual (CREA) and the National Corpus of the Russian Language, linguistic sites and language Internet forums. The total volume of the used array of texts of different stylistic orientations (fiction, media texts, Internet correspondence, recording of dialogues) in the languages ​​studied amounted to more than 25,000 pages.

Reliability is also ensured by the use of comparative methods of pragmatically oriented semantic analysis of units of the fields under study, as well as the experience of both domestic and foreign lexicography of the ideographic type. The effectiveness of the path we have chosen is confirmed by the fact of the predominant way of presenting tense vocabulary in the most authoritative monolingual and bilingual dictionaries: they actively use the pragmatic implementation of lexical units in certain clichéd constructions.

The following provisions are submitted for defense:

1. The area of ​​time in the existing ideographic dictionaries of the Russian and Spanish languages ​​is structured differently, depending on the approach to the ideographic description of vocabulary in the Russian- and Spanish-language scientific

schools. To resolve contradictions, it is advisable to use the term “temporal thesaurus” when comparing the vocabulary of time in two languages.

The values ​​of units of the Russian and Spanish temporal thesauri, in addition to constant information, often include variable (pragmatic) information, which for both languages ​​under study manifests itself through certain linguistic phenomena in clichéd constructions. Such constructions serve as a tool for pragmasemantic modeling of lexical temporality.

In the systemic aspect, the high pragmatic potential of the units under study is manifested through an extensive network of semantic relations, and in the functional aspect, due to their information richness, which is updated in certain contexts of discourse.

The pragmatics of the studied vocabulary of time, universal in its fundamentals, has a nationally specific implementation associated with the choice of dominant units and with differences in the pragmasemantic content of equivalents. The primary source of such specificity is the semiotic discrepancy between national temporal stereotypes and codes.

A comparative study of the pragmasemantics of linguistic units with the meaning of time, from the point of view of the main cultural distinctive features, makes it possible to identify and systematize the communicative difficulties that a native speaker of the Russian language encounters in intercultural communication; the model of comparative analysis of units of the Spanish and Russian thesauri of time, developed in the dissertation, can be used to prevent and overcome communicative failures.

Approbation of the dissertation. The main provisions of the dissertation were repeatedly discussed at meetings of the Department of Linguistic Semantics of the Federal State Pedagogical University of Moscow State Linguistic University (2011-2015), with the involvement of specialists from the Department of Lexicology of the English Language of the Federal State University of Education and Science of Moscow State Linguistic University (2015) and covered in three publications on the research topic with a total volume of 2.2 paragraphs. l. in publications included in the “List of Russian peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications that should

the main scientific results of dissertations for the scientific degrees of Doctor and Candidate of Sciences will be published,” as well as in a report at the International scientific conference “Events in Communication and Cognition” (May 19-20, 2016, Moscow, MSLU) .

Dissertation structure determined by its purpose, objectives and logic of research. The dissertation consists of an Introduction, three chapters, a Conclusion, a bibliography (list of cited literature, used dictionaries and Internet sources) and four appendices.